21.Correlation in R.ipynb

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    "A bivariate relationship describes a relationship -or correlation- between two variables, and . In this tutorial, we discuss the concept of correlation and show how it can be used to measure the relationship between any two variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "There are two primary methods to compute the correlation between two variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "1. **Pearson:** Parametric correlation\n",
    "2. **Spearman:** Non-parametric correlation\n",
    "\n",
    "**Pearson Correlation**\n",
    "\n",
    "The Pearson correlation method is usually used as a primary check for the relationship between two variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "The coefficient of correlation, , is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables and . It is computed as follow:\n",
    "\n",
    "![](img/Corr.png)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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    "The correlation ranges between -1 and 1.\n",
    "\n",
    "1. A value of near or equal to 0 implies little or no linear relationship between and .\n",
    "\n",
    "In contrast, the closer comes to 1 or -1, the stronger the linear relationship.\n",
    "We can compute the t-test as follow and check the distribution table with a degree of freedom equals to :\n",
    "\n",
    "![](img/PearsonSpea.jpg)\n",
    "\n",
    "### Spearman Rank Correlation\n",
    "\n",
    "A rank correlation sorts the observations by rank and computes the level of similarity between the rank. A rank correlation has the advantage of being robust to outliers and is not linked to the distribution of the data. Note that, a rank correlation is suitable for the ordinal variable.\n",
    "\n",
    "Spearman's rank correlation, , is always between -1 and 1 with a value close to the extremity indicates strong relationship. It is computed as follow:\n",
    "\n",
    "![](img/032918_0543_PearsonSpea11.jpg)\n",
    "\n",
    "with stated the covariances between rank and . The denominator calculates the standard deviations.\n",
    "\n",
    "In R, we can use the cor() function. It takes three arguments, , and the method."
   ]
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   "execution_count": 39,
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     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>X</th><th scope=col>wfood</th><th scope=col>wfuel</th><th scope=col>wcloth</th><th scope=col>walc</th><th scope=col>wtrans</th><th scope=col>wother</th><th scope=col>totexp</th><th scope=col>income</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>children</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1     </td><td>0.4272</td><td>0.1342</td><td>0.0000</td><td>0.0106</td><td>0.1458</td><td>0.2822</td><td> 50   </td><td>130   </td><td>25    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2     </td><td>0.3739</td><td>0.1686</td><td>0.0091</td><td>0.0825</td><td>0.1215</td><td>0.2444</td><td> 90   </td><td>150   </td><td>39    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>3     </td><td>0.1941</td><td>0.4056</td><td>0.0012</td><td>0.0513</td><td>0.2063</td><td>0.1415</td><td>180   </td><td>230   </td><td>47    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4     </td><td>0.4438</td><td>0.1258</td><td>0.0539</td><td>0.0397</td><td>0.0652</td><td>0.2716</td><td> 80   </td><td>100   </td><td>33    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5     </td><td>0.3331</td><td>0.0824</td><td>0.0399</td><td>0.1571</td><td>0.2403</td><td>0.1473</td><td> 90   </td><td>100   </td><td>31    </td><td>1     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>6     </td><td>0.3752</td><td>0.0481</td><td>0.1170</td><td>0.0210</td><td>0.0955</td><td>0.3431</td><td> 70   </td><td> 70   </td><td>24    </td><td>1     </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       " X & wfood & wfuel & wcloth & walc & wtrans & wother & totexp & income & age & children\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 1      & 0.4272 & 0.1342 & 0.0000 & 0.0106 & 0.1458 & 0.2822 &  50    & 130    & 25     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t 2      & 0.3739 & 0.1686 & 0.0091 & 0.0825 & 0.1215 & 0.2444 &  90    & 150    & 39     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t 3      & 0.1941 & 0.4056 & 0.0012 & 0.0513 & 0.2063 & 0.1415 & 180    & 230    & 47     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t 4      & 0.4438 & 0.1258 & 0.0539 & 0.0397 & 0.0652 & 0.2716 &  80    & 100    & 33     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t 5      & 0.3331 & 0.0824 & 0.0399 & 0.1571 & 0.2403 & 0.1473 &  90    & 100    & 31     & 1     \\\\\n",
       "\t 6      & 0.3752 & 0.0481 & 0.1170 & 0.0210 & 0.0955 & 0.3431 &  70    &  70    & 24     & 1     \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| X | wfood | wfuel | wcloth | walc | wtrans | wother | totexp | income | age | children |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1      | 0.4272 | 0.1342 | 0.0000 | 0.0106 | 0.1458 | 0.2822 |  50    | 130    | 25     | 2      |\n",
       "| 2      | 0.3739 | 0.1686 | 0.0091 | 0.0825 | 0.1215 | 0.2444 |  90    | 150    | 39     | 2      |\n",
       "| 3      | 0.1941 | 0.4056 | 0.0012 | 0.0513 | 0.2063 | 0.1415 | 180    | 230    | 47     | 2      |\n",
       "| 4      | 0.4438 | 0.1258 | 0.0539 | 0.0397 | 0.0652 | 0.2716 |  80    | 100    | 33     | 2      |\n",
       "| 5      | 0.3331 | 0.0824 | 0.0399 | 0.1571 | 0.2403 | 0.1473 |  90    | 100    | 31     | 1      |\n",
       "| 6      | 0.3752 | 0.0481 | 0.1170 | 0.0210 | 0.0955 | 0.3431 |  70    |  70    | 24     | 1      |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  X wfood  wfuel  wcloth walc   wtrans wother totexp income age children\n",
       "1 1 0.4272 0.1342 0.0000 0.0106 0.1458 0.2822  50    130    25  2       \n",
       "2 2 0.3739 0.1686 0.0091 0.0825 0.1215 0.2444  90    150    39  2       \n",
       "3 3 0.1941 0.4056 0.0012 0.0513 0.2063 0.1415 180    230    47  2       \n",
       "4 4 0.4438 0.1258 0.0539 0.0397 0.0652 0.2716  80    100    33  2       \n",
       "5 5 0.3331 0.0824 0.0399 0.1571 0.2403 0.1473  90    100    31  1       \n",
       "6 6 0.3752 0.0481 0.1170 0.0210 0.0955 0.3431  70     70    24  1       "
      ]
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "library(dplyr)\n",
    "PATH <-\"DataSets//british_household.csv\"\n",
    "data <-read.csv(PATH)\n",
    "head(data)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
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       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>X</th><th scope=col>wfood</th><th scope=col>wfuel</th><th scope=col>wcloth</th><th scope=col>walc</th><th scope=col>wtrans</th><th scope=col>wother</th><th scope=col>totexp</th><th scope=col>income</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>children</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1514</th><td>1514  </td><td>0.6218</td><td>0.1584</td><td>0.0000</td><td>0.0000</td><td>0.0000</td><td>0.2197</td><td> 40   </td><td> 50   </td><td>47    </td><td>1     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1515</th><td>1515  </td><td>0.4106</td><td>0.0402</td><td>0.0054</td><td>0.0700</td><td>0.2256</td><td>0.2483</td><td> 90   </td><td>120   </td><td>29    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1516</th><td>1516  </td><td>0.2787</td><td>0.1066</td><td>0.0176</td><td>0.0000</td><td>0.2196</td><td>0.3775</td><td> 70   </td><td> 90   </td><td>34    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1517</th><td>1517  </td><td>0.3298</td><td>0.0759</td><td>0.2566</td><td>0.0292</td><td>0.1309</td><td>0.1777</td><td>100   </td><td>260   </td><td>38    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1518</th><td>1518  </td><td>0.6061</td><td>0.0459</td><td>0.0787</td><td>0.0679</td><td>0.0259</td><td>0.1755</td><td>130   </td><td>160   </td><td>44    </td><td>2     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1519</th><td>1519  </td><td>0.1885</td><td>0.0328</td><td>0.1279</td><td>0.2162</td><td>0.1575</td><td>0.2771</td><td>140   </td><td>140   </td><td>27    </td><td>1     </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & X & wfood & wfuel & wcloth & walc & wtrans & wother & totexp & income & age & children\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1514 & 1514   & 0.6218 & 0.1584 & 0.0000 & 0.0000 & 0.0000 & 0.2197 &  40    &  50    & 47     & 1     \\\\\n",
       "\t1515 & 1515   & 0.4106 & 0.0402 & 0.0054 & 0.0700 & 0.2256 & 0.2483 &  90    & 120    & 29     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t1516 & 1516   & 0.2787 & 0.1066 & 0.0176 & 0.0000 & 0.2196 & 0.3775 &  70    &  90    & 34     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t1517 & 1517   & 0.3298 & 0.0759 & 0.2566 & 0.0292 & 0.1309 & 0.1777 & 100    & 260    & 38     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t1518 & 1518   & 0.6061 & 0.0459 & 0.0787 & 0.0679 & 0.0259 & 0.1755 & 130    & 160    & 44     & 2     \\\\\n",
       "\t1519 & 1519   & 0.1885 & 0.0328 & 0.1279 & 0.2162 & 0.1575 & 0.2771 & 140    & 140    & 27     & 1     \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | X | wfood | wfuel | wcloth | walc | wtrans | wother | totexp | income | age | children |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1514 | 1514   | 0.6218 | 0.1584 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2197 |  40    |  50    | 47     | 1      |\n",
       "| 1515 | 1515   | 0.4106 | 0.0402 | 0.0054 | 0.0700 | 0.2256 | 0.2483 |  90    | 120    | 29     | 2      |\n",
       "| 1516 | 1516   | 0.2787 | 0.1066 | 0.0176 | 0.0000 | 0.2196 | 0.3775 |  70    |  90    | 34     | 2      |\n",
       "| 1517 | 1517   | 0.3298 | 0.0759 | 0.2566 | 0.0292 | 0.1309 | 0.1777 | 100    | 260    | 38     | 2      |\n",
       "| 1518 | 1518   | 0.6061 | 0.0459 | 0.0787 | 0.0679 | 0.0259 | 0.1755 | 130    | 160    | 44     | 2      |\n",
       "| 1519 | 1519   | 0.1885 | 0.0328 | 0.1279 | 0.2162 | 0.1575 | 0.2771 | 140    | 140    | 27     | 1      |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     X    wfood  wfuel  wcloth walc   wtrans wother totexp income age children\n",
       "1514 1514 0.6218 0.1584 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2197  40     50    47  1       \n",
       "1515 1515 0.4106 0.0402 0.0054 0.0700 0.2256 0.2483  90    120    29  2       \n",
       "1516 1516 0.2787 0.1066 0.0176 0.0000 0.2196 0.3775  70     90    34  2       \n",
       "1517 1517 0.3298 0.0759 0.2566 0.0292 0.1309 0.1777 100    260    38  2       \n",
       "1518 1518 0.6061 0.0459 0.0787 0.0679 0.0259 0.1755 130    160    44  2       \n",
       "1519 1519 0.1885 0.0328 0.1279 0.2162 0.1575 0.2771 140    140    27  1       "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tail(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
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       "[1] 0.4487403"
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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   "source": [
    "cor(data$income, data$totexp, method = \"pearson\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "0.516003824650569"
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       "[1] 0.5160038"
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   "source": [
    "cor(data$income, data$totexp, method = \"spearman\")"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "### Correlation Matrix\n",
    "\n",
    "The bivariate correlation is a good start, but we can get a broader picture with multivariate analysis. A correlation with many variables is pictured inside a correlation matrix. A correlation matrix is a matrix that represents the pair correlation of all the variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "The cor() function returns a correlation matrix. The only difference with the bivariate correlation is we don't need to specify which variables. By default, R computes the correlation between all the variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "Note that, a correlation cannot be computed for factor variable. We need to make sure we drop categorical feature before we pass the data frame inside cor().\n",
    "\n",
    "A correlation matrix is symmetrical which means the values above the diagonal have the same values as the one below. It is more visual to show half of the matrix.\n",
    "\n",
    "We exclude children_fac because it is a factor level variable. cor does not perform correlation on a categorical variable."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>X</th><th scope=col>wfood</th><th scope=col>wfuel</th><th scope=col>wcloth</th><th scope=col>walc</th><th scope=col>wtrans</th><th scope=col>wother</th><th scope=col>totexp</th><th scope=col>income</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>children</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>X</th><td> 1.000000000</td><td>-0.07692766 </td><td>-0.19770858 </td><td> 0.05194213 </td><td> 0.001818718</td><td> 0.013895603</td><td> 0.114661884</td><td> 0.10755853 </td><td> 0.049554967</td><td> 0.014895006</td><td> 0.027972307</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>wfood</th><td>-0.076927655</td><td> 1.00000000 </td><td> 0.10156032 </td><td>-0.32664593 </td><td>-0.122412821</td><td>-0.333761601</td><td>-0.353580774</td><td>-0.47874726 </td><td>-0.234666736</td><td> 0.021403728</td><td> 0.101786327</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>wfuel</th><td>-0.197708579</td><td> 0.10156032 </td><td> 1.00000000 </td><td>-0.24708286 </td><td>-0.134146934</td><td>-0.160910408</td><td>-0.132764775</td><td>-0.31937891 </td><td>-0.028700703</td><td>-0.039518424</td><td>-0.027230131</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>wcloth</th><td> 0.051942129</td><td>-0.32664593 </td><td>-0.24708286 </td><td> 1.00000000 </td><td>-0.089469164</td><td>-0.185015606</td><td>-0.217726000</td><td> 0.30488701 </td><td> 0.073433791</td><td> 0.035377205</td><td> 0.013358925</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>walc</th><td> 0.001818718</td><td>-0.12241282 </td><td>-0.13414693 </td><td>-0.08946916 </td><td> 1.000000000</td><td>-0.217484390</td><td>-0.117180868</td><td> 0.09636859 </td><td> 0.038946059</td><td>-0.143399589</td><td>-0.085482093</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>wtrans</th><td> 0.013895603</td><td>-0.33376160 </td><td>-0.16091041 </td><td>-0.18501561 </td><td>-0.217484390</td><td> 1.000000000</td><td>-0.295970628</td><td> 0.14827163 </td><td> 0.008442807</td><td> 0.026928761</td><td>-0.043608816</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>wother</th><td> 0.114661884</td><td>-0.35358077 </td><td>-0.13276478 </td><td>-0.21772600 </td><td>-0.117180868</td><td>-0.295970628</td><td> 1.000000000</td><td> 0.15761401 </td><td> 0.153370720</td><td> 0.026064288</td><td>-0.005305898</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>totexp</th><td> 0.107558530</td><td>-0.47874726 </td><td>-0.31937891 </td><td> 0.30488701 </td><td> 0.096368594</td><td> 0.148271628</td><td> 0.157614011</td><td> 1.00000000 </td><td> 0.448740348</td><td> 0.189450718</td><td> 0.071415282</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>income</th><td> 0.049554967</td><td>-0.23466674 </td><td>-0.02870070 </td><td> 0.07343379 </td><td> 0.038946059</td><td> 0.008442807</td><td> 0.153370720</td><td> 0.44874035 </td><td> 1.000000000</td><td> 0.218494045</td><td> 0.025439105</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>age</th><td> 0.014895006</td><td> 0.02140373 </td><td>-0.03951842 </td><td> 0.03537720 </td><td>-0.143399589</td><td> 0.026928761</td><td> 0.026064288</td><td> 0.18945072 </td><td> 0.218494045</td><td> 1.000000000</td><td> 0.008092095</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>children</th><td> 0.027972307</td><td> 0.10178633 </td><td>-0.02723013 </td><td> 0.01335893 </td><td>-0.085482093</td><td>-0.043608816</td><td>-0.005305898</td><td> 0.07141528 </td><td> 0.025439105</td><td> 0.008092095</td><td> 1.000000000</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & X & wfood & wfuel & wcloth & walc & wtrans & wother & totexp & income & age & children\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tX &  1.000000000 & -0.07692766  & -0.19770858  &  0.05194213  &  0.001818718 &  0.013895603 &  0.114661884 &  0.10755853  &  0.049554967 &  0.014895006 &  0.027972307\\\\\n",
       "\twfood & -0.076927655 &  1.00000000  &  0.10156032  & -0.32664593  & -0.122412821 & -0.333761601 & -0.353580774 & -0.47874726  & -0.234666736 &  0.021403728 &  0.101786327\\\\\n",
       "\twfuel & -0.197708579 &  0.10156032  &  1.00000000  & -0.24708286  & -0.134146934 & -0.160910408 & -0.132764775 & -0.31937891  & -0.028700703 & -0.039518424 & -0.027230131\\\\\n",
       "\twcloth &  0.051942129 & -0.32664593  & -0.24708286  &  1.00000000  & -0.089469164 & -0.185015606 & -0.217726000 &  0.30488701  &  0.073433791 &  0.035377205 &  0.013358925\\\\\n",
       "\twalc &  0.001818718 & -0.12241282  & -0.13414693  & -0.08946916  &  1.000000000 & -0.217484390 & -0.117180868 &  0.09636859  &  0.038946059 & -0.143399589 & -0.085482093\\\\\n",
       "\twtrans &  0.013895603 & -0.33376160  & -0.16091041  & -0.18501561  & -0.217484390 &  1.000000000 & -0.295970628 &  0.14827163  &  0.008442807 &  0.026928761 & -0.043608816\\\\\n",
       "\twother &  0.114661884 & -0.35358077  & -0.13276478  & -0.21772600  & -0.117180868 & -0.295970628 &  1.000000000 &  0.15761401  &  0.153370720 &  0.026064288 & -0.005305898\\\\\n",
       "\ttotexp &  0.107558530 & -0.47874726  & -0.31937891  &  0.30488701  &  0.096368594 &  0.148271628 &  0.157614011 &  1.00000000  &  0.448740348 &  0.189450718 &  0.071415282\\\\\n",
       "\tincome &  0.049554967 & -0.23466674  & -0.02870070  &  0.07343379  &  0.038946059 &  0.008442807 &  0.153370720 &  0.44874035  &  1.000000000 &  0.218494045 &  0.025439105\\\\\n",
       "\tage &  0.014895006 &  0.02140373  & -0.03951842  &  0.03537720  & -0.143399589 &  0.026928761 &  0.026064288 &  0.18945072  &  0.218494045 &  1.000000000 &  0.008092095\\\\\n",
       "\tchildren &  0.027972307 &  0.10178633  & -0.02723013  &  0.01335893  & -0.085482093 & -0.043608816 & -0.005305898 &  0.07141528  &  0.025439105 &  0.008092095 &  1.000000000\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | X | wfood | wfuel | wcloth | walc | wtrans | wother | totexp | income | age | children |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| X |  1.000000000 | -0.07692766  | -0.19770858  |  0.05194213  |  0.001818718 |  0.013895603 |  0.114661884 |  0.10755853  |  0.049554967 |  0.014895006 |  0.027972307 |\n",
       "| wfood | -0.076927655 |  1.00000000  |  0.10156032  | -0.32664593  | -0.122412821 | -0.333761601 | -0.353580774 | -0.47874726  | -0.234666736 |  0.021403728 |  0.101786327 |\n",
       "| wfuel | -0.197708579 |  0.10156032  |  1.00000000  | -0.24708286  | -0.134146934 | -0.160910408 | -0.132764775 | -0.31937891  | -0.028700703 | -0.039518424 | -0.027230131 |\n",
       "| wcloth |  0.051942129 | -0.32664593  | -0.24708286  |  1.00000000  | -0.089469164 | -0.185015606 | -0.217726000 |  0.30488701  |  0.073433791 |  0.035377205 |  0.013358925 |\n",
       "| walc |  0.001818718 | -0.12241282  | -0.13414693  | -0.08946916  |  1.000000000 | -0.217484390 | -0.117180868 |  0.09636859  |  0.038946059 | -0.143399589 | -0.085482093 |\n",
       "| wtrans |  0.013895603 | -0.33376160  | -0.16091041  | -0.18501561  | -0.217484390 |  1.000000000 | -0.295970628 |  0.14827163  |  0.008442807 |  0.026928761 | -0.043608816 |\n",
       "| wother |  0.114661884 | -0.35358077  | -0.13276478  | -0.21772600  | -0.117180868 | -0.295970628 |  1.000000000 |  0.15761401  |  0.153370720 |  0.026064288 | -0.005305898 |\n",
       "| totexp |  0.107558530 | -0.47874726  | -0.31937891  |  0.30488701  |  0.096368594 |  0.148271628 |  0.157614011 |  1.00000000  |  0.448740348 |  0.189450718 |  0.071415282 |\n",
       "| income |  0.049554967 | -0.23466674  | -0.02870070  |  0.07343379  |  0.038946059 |  0.008442807 |  0.153370720 |  0.44874035  |  1.000000000 |  0.218494045 |  0.025439105 |\n",
       "| age |  0.014895006 |  0.02140373  | -0.03951842  |  0.03537720  | -0.143399589 |  0.026928761 |  0.026064288 |  0.18945072  |  0.218494045 |  1.000000000 |  0.008092095 |\n",
       "| children |  0.027972307 |  0.10178633  | -0.02723013  |  0.01335893  | -0.085482093 | -0.043608816 | -0.005305898 |  0.07141528  |  0.025439105 |  0.008092095 |  1.000000000 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         X            wfood       wfuel       wcloth      walc        \n",
       "X         1.000000000 -0.07692766 -0.19770858  0.05194213  0.001818718\n",
       "wfood    -0.076927655  1.00000000  0.10156032 -0.32664593 -0.122412821\n",
       "wfuel    -0.197708579  0.10156032  1.00000000 -0.24708286 -0.134146934\n",
       "wcloth    0.051942129 -0.32664593 -0.24708286  1.00000000 -0.089469164\n",
       "walc      0.001818718 -0.12241282 -0.13414693 -0.08946916  1.000000000\n",
       "wtrans    0.013895603 -0.33376160 -0.16091041 -0.18501561 -0.217484390\n",
       "wother    0.114661884 -0.35358077 -0.13276478 -0.21772600 -0.117180868\n",
       "totexp    0.107558530 -0.47874726 -0.31937891  0.30488701  0.096368594\n",
       "income    0.049554967 -0.23466674 -0.02870070  0.07343379  0.038946059\n",
       "age       0.014895006  0.02140373 -0.03951842  0.03537720 -0.143399589\n",
       "children  0.027972307  0.10178633 -0.02723013  0.01335893 -0.085482093\n",
       "         wtrans       wother       totexp      income       age         \n",
       "X         0.013895603  0.114661884  0.10755853  0.049554967  0.014895006\n",
       "wfood    -0.333761601 -0.353580774 -0.47874726 -0.234666736  0.021403728\n",
       "wfuel    -0.160910408 -0.132764775 -0.31937891 -0.028700703 -0.039518424\n",
       "wcloth   -0.185015606 -0.217726000  0.30488701  0.073433791  0.035377205\n",
       "walc     -0.217484390 -0.117180868  0.09636859  0.038946059 -0.143399589\n",
       "wtrans    1.000000000 -0.295970628  0.14827163  0.008442807  0.026928761\n",
       "wother   -0.295970628  1.000000000  0.15761401  0.153370720  0.026064288\n",
       "totexp    0.148271628  0.157614011  1.00000000  0.448740348  0.189450718\n",
       "income    0.008442807  0.153370720  0.44874035  1.000000000  0.218494045\n",
       "age       0.026928761  0.026064288  0.18945072  0.218494045  1.000000000\n",
       "children -0.043608816 -0.005305898  0.07141528  0.025439105  0.008092095\n",
       "         children    \n",
       "X         0.027972307\n",
       "wfood     0.101786327\n",
       "wfuel    -0.027230131\n",
       "wcloth    0.013358925\n",
       "walc     -0.085482093\n",
       "wtrans   -0.043608816\n",
       "wother   -0.005305898\n",
       "totexp    0.071415282\n",
       "income    0.025439105\n",
       "age       0.008092095\n",
       "children  1.000000000"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cor(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "              X  wfood  wfuel wcloth   walc wtrans wother totexp income    age\n",
       "wfood    -0.077                                                               \n",
       "wfuel    -0.198  0.102                                                        \n",
       "wcloth    0.052 -0.327 -0.247                                                 \n",
       "walc      0.002 -0.122 -0.134 -0.089                                          \n",
       "wtrans    0.014 -0.334 -0.161 -0.185 -0.217                                   \n",
       "wother    0.115 -0.354 -0.133 -0.218 -0.117 -0.296                            \n",
       "totexp    0.108 -0.479 -0.319  0.305  0.096  0.148  0.158                     \n",
       "income    0.050 -0.235 -0.029  0.073  0.039  0.008  0.153  0.449              \n",
       "age       0.015  0.021 -0.040  0.035 -0.143  0.027  0.026  0.189  0.218       \n",
       "children  0.028  0.102 -0.027  0.013 -0.085 -0.044 -0.005  0.071  0.025  0.008"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# the last column of data is a factor level. We don't include it in the code\n",
    "mat_1 <-as.dist(round(cor(data[,1:11]),3))\n",
    "mat_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Significance level\n",
    "\n",
    "The significance level is useful in some situations when we use the pearson or spearman method."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Passed</th><th scope=col>Failed</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>A</th><td>8</td><td>2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>B</th><td>3</td><td>7</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & Passed & Failed\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tA & 8 & 2\\\\\n",
       "\tB & 3 & 7\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Passed | Failed |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| A | 8 | 2 |\n",
       "| B | 3 | 7 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Passed Failed\n",
       "A 8      2     \n",
       "B 3      7     "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Input =(\"\n",
    " Classroom  Passed  Failed\n",
    " A          8       2\n",
    " B          3       7\n",
    "\")\n",
    "\n",
    "Matrix = as.matrix(read.table(textConnection(Input),\n",
    "                   header=TRUE,\n",
    "                   row.names=1))\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "Matrix "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Passed</th><th scope=col>Failed</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Passed</th><td> 1</td><td>-1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Failed</th><td>-1</td><td> 1</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & Passed & Failed\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tPassed &  1 & -1\\\\\n",
       "\tFailed & -1 &  1\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Passed | Failed |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Passed |  1 | -1 |\n",
       "| Failed | -1 |  1 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Passed Failed\n",
       "Passed  1     -1    \n",
       "Failed -1      1    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cor(Matrix,method = \"spearman\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\n",
       "\tFisher's Exact Test for Count Data\n",
       "\n",
       "data:  Matrix\n",
       "p-value = 0.06978\n",
       "alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1\n",
       "95 percent confidence interval:\n",
       "   0.8821175 127.0558418\n",
       "sample estimates:\n",
       "odds ratio \n",
       "  8.153063 \n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fisher.test(Matrix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\n",
       "\tWelch Two Sample t-test\n",
       "\n",
       "data:  Class.A and Class.B\n",
       "t = -3.3968, df = 18, p-value = 0.003214\n",
       "alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0\n",
       "95 percent confidence interval:\n",
       " -16.184947  -3.815053\n",
       "sample estimates:\n",
       "mean of x mean of y \n",
       "     1511      1521 \n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Class.A = c(1500, 1505, 1505, 1510, 1510, 1510, 1515, 1515, 1520, 1520)\n",
    "\n",
    "Class.B = c(1510, 1515, 1515, 1520, 1520, 1520, 1525, 1525, 1530, 1530)\n",
    "\n",
    "t.test(Class.A, Class.B)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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z2E1JXo66+HkLrivn7f+QmpK+7r952f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\nSUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "boxplot(cbind(Class.A, Class.B))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'GGally' is in use and will not be installed\""
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "install.packages(\"GGally\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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P6Q/n3JfpCQ3jchnT+k/1CyH/Q8pGOh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\nJAggJAggJAggJAggJAggJAggJAjw/wFc5AaVJ4VB4gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(GGally)\n",
    "ggcorr(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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DCmLZbnIZ1Okc/x9QwZukg6HmNLSpry7cgvCynp6fJO0atn0a/yUPx4SE9KeRrS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\nICRA4H/d1hlrkQy9SQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ggcorr(data,\n",
    "    nbreaks = 10,\n",
    "    low = \"steelblue\",\n",
    "    mid = \"white\",\n",
    "    high = \"darkred\",\n",
    "    geom = \"circle\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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L6Gep25BLTXdaSiheSItP8WG+2sEi2RDGucm1b3xO/OecHRZ+oF6iTPkd7C4e+L\n9NszBXIa/4YdJG8iOxW9s903akbzaytZ37P4IDLK3Ce3150NRQspE0l7i412VomeSI2ASGue\nwotIQf/OC6yS0+fN+dGrf3BavKXfnimQvHvILns750f5tVV0+5lCpOLb5Fq7105DpD12Vgki\nuU+2QI6TdzVHRTEUG0prKydaUFupAv+UvHE7Kc8+IqUWoi2S7hYb7awSRHKfbIHcnA788hie\nJYpi61G5SDnRgtpKV/hs5MfG1xl59hEptRBtkXS32GhnlSCS++QUiCb8haxu1iUQqSIt1RYi\nJfl/JdRfAikQqSIt1RYiJUEk92mpthApCSK5T0u1hUhJEMl9WqotREqCSO7TUm0hUhJEcp+W\naguRkiCS+7RUW4iUBJHcp6XaQqQkiOQ+LdUWIiVBJPdpqbYQKYmeSKk/H99OR/dA7r6raj0g\nUkVaqi1ESqIl0ub7HnO+6CT5pZHp5/uCSBVpqbYQKYmxSFuP9vkyyDwQqSIt1RYiJdERqfTb\ntcTuJCI1TUu1hUhJKoq08yX5yWlEapqWaguRklQTadPXQ6QO0FJtIVKS6l07ROoKLdUWIiUx\nFClV/IgEBwsidYRWftM6eERqJfqibj9E6git2IBIulklWiIVfmF+ejwckQxoxQZE0s0q0RFp\nv+/+RqRKtGIDIulmlSBSR2jFBkTSzSrREmmPGuem1Yq0YgMi6WaV6InUCIjUuA2IpJtVgkgd\noRUbEEk3qwSROkIrNiCSblYJInWEVmxAJN2sSyBS4zYgkm7WJRCpcRsQSTfrEojUuA2IpJt1\nCURq3AZE0s26BCI1bgMi6WZdApEatwGRdLMugUiN24BIulmXQKTGbUAk3axLIFLjNiCSbtYl\nEKlxGxBJN+sSiNS4DYikm3UJRGrcBkTSzboEIqU5GwrRG55n5v8i1DbkZc+HPSEGp5aiuyJd\nj4Xoj29T837/QYgfPilLOi8a8JtQRjWWYiOKSO6QKejT6D/NEafZ+UqR8rJH8bwjO9EdkWbx\nW2aJeT9Es35QlHReNJ6/hw1FS7ESRaSuIGXy2cMkMytb0j0xvLq5GopettCVIuVkz4U4vrq5\nORbio5Xojkh9Mf788nks+ttZn8T765eX2x9E5pikjK7Lew8bCpZiJ4pIXSFtTfhMIdKpGIY/\nB+IsOfsX0VOLlJcdxhZ8FO+sRNMizcQ4/DkS15t578V98OM2W6DK6EvQr+vvI1LBUixFEakr\n7C/SUdy5Ok11qHri3aVapLxsb51Kxg2iaZFO4n7RTJxkijDrg0a0L97f7yNS2QaYRxGpaZ7k\nwn98lk/+49x/fJvLydKLrXlbSLl4C54ET/1/y+jFkN2KHojofP9cDBJzxfFOOefakJ9dLyLR\naTOIpkUaiehU/VaMdmvwNnuSpBEN+oP7iFSyARaiiNQ4Mjj9WcpYntUkkGYeiRQ9maw2Is2D\nibVJmaLNPQzkzcjaUJzd9t1Mo2mRNjWfKf5ZX2SGwzSj+4hUvBQbUURqnIV89bxJoNOrf3Ba\n+v+e48OP/2TqedPAnLhrN115d6F4AfoVbbF+9sEAABY4SURBVCbSu96llaieSCMh+tkzD0Sq\nlS9CpCd556uzlM/eg9+zu5CraHagzoX0u3Vv8mIj0puXOFPSr2gjkQZpGapHNUUavRf9zLAy\nItXKFyGS5x92lnLlH3fmMqGJ3DzZTG2fhuhXtIlIRx+uLEV1u3Yvt/3MaBgi1cqXIdJCriZz\nbz7x1qdGIdoixdcGK4mkzh6lDyomUW2RXq4zow2IVCtfhkh+304+eo9+7+7RU3TtPK9EpIGI\nCvcyM3ymFqkoOwgG/SxFd0ftwmtGL/d5I1+ZAtWM7jdqV7IBxlFEagEZnPys/MdVNHz3WjjY\n4HklXbuj+IroWfrGnDKRFNnLXlaG6tHd60hR9+06cS2mLz5HE+Ui5UULciU2FC/FRhSRWmAR\nHHP8w49vjfcWjnhf7Ax/+88mSpFO40PCIHOznc6dDTnZU9E7232jQXT3zobot/koccPaOL43\n6Pf4zoGCks6LRux3Z0PRUmxEEakFnsJLQ0H/zud1ur4G620vyHoPGiIV3WunI1Je9rK3e5Jj\nFlXfa3cbjdflXEjSutduP5G4127LFyJSRTKFepy8DTspj4ZIOdmh2GAluiPSp+Qd1LEBhXdV\nq6Mvu9NKGz4VrcxGFJHcIVvSpwO/cYdnGXk0RMrJbmUoF0k3uvv3SLOR//L4OmXAbfB3Pif3\nqpLOi+5OK21ILSVfhupRRHKHnJLWhL+QrT2KSO7Qig2IpJt1CURq3AZE0s26BCI1bgMi6WZd\nApEatwGRdLMugUiN24BIulmXQKTGbUAk3axLIFLjNiCSbtYlEKlxGxBJN+sSiNS4DYikm3UJ\nRGrcBkTSzboEIjVuAyLpZl0CkRq3AZF0sy6BSI3bgEi6WZdApMZtQCTdrEsgUuM2IJJu1iUQ\nqXEbEEk36xKI1LgNiKSbdQlEatwGRNLNugQiNW4DIulmXeKwRQKwhPsimfx+dy3q3hYb7axL\nIJJLUfe2GJGcwaSlXIu6t8WI5AwmLeVa1L0tRiRnMGkp16LubTEiOYNJS7kWdW+LEckZTFrK\ntah7W4xIzmDSUq5F3dtiRHIGk5ZyLereFiOSM5i0lGtR97YYkZzBpKVci7q3xYjkDCYt5VrU\nvS1GJGcwaSnXou5tMSI5g0lLuRZ1b4sRyRlMWsq1qHtbjEjOYNJSrkXd22JEcgaTlnIt6t4W\nI5IzmLSUa1H3thiRnMGkpVyLurfFiOQMJi3lWtS9LUYkZzBpKdei7m0xIjlDTgucDYXoDc9T\n886HPSEGp6pWzosG/CJ2Grn6anWjmqvNi378IMSHY/UWl65bI6rOGkQRqVmyDXAqIpLlexTP\nOypv5bxoPF9ZILqr1YxqrjYv+iGa9UG1xaXr1ohqZA2iiGSNt6mUF3kvSLmdzjZATwyvbq6G\noreddS7E8dXNzbEQH0tbOSe6bnVlgeiuVi+qu9qc6LF4d+av+4NIHZOKSrpg3TpRjaxBFJGs\nMZEyqcyWUpFOxTD8ORBnm3nDuJI/indlrZwXvQk6WD2dQ4PmavWimqvNi74Tl8GP83SRFpR0\nwbrL16qfNYgikjXyLfIUIh3F3YXTRIeqty7IVGVmsnnRIPzuUi2S9mr1opqrzY9mV1pY0mUL\nUER1sgZRRKrOk1z4j8/yyX+cy5BYmvBxtZBysfIUIg1EdAZ7LgbZxkn9ls5k86NBF0ktkvZq\ndaNaqy1Z63n6JKmgpEs3uzyqkzWIIpIBcuI/LOUymMyKFHb1LjyFSCL36BOx7lEUtHJxVC2S\n9mr3iSpXWxw97YnUkFhBSZdttiKqkzWIIpIBC/ka+OLr9OofnEJftiLdBYIt5YOBSO96l2Wt\nXJdIqdU2ItJAiF767AORaqVjIj3JO79nt5TP3oPfv9sR6SKamlcXaZDyqDGRBuX61iLS4J3o\nKS9fla5bGUWkBB0TyZNT/5iz8g89c+ntiiTXvb2qIh19uCpv5XpE2lltQ127m/NeakQMkWql\nayIt5Goy9+aT7YFHV6T4Al9JGx2lj0fbVlZHiyt6/9XuES1crUb05uYsNdqASLXSNZH8vp18\n9B793t1jUqS3bdfO8xQiDaLLKDeXOwNCA7Fz00y2LIuiOiJpr1Y/qiFScXQ3XThqV7KA8qhO\n1iCKSEb4R5w3b+U/rjZDdY/eahpMhqN5j37nT3UdKerRnKUuUVz2Mh7lXZXJiwboXEfSXK1u\nVGu1edGeuMpJF15HKlq3MqqTNYgikhGLcHz7ItAl8mUZ9ObugslVOPwdjOsp7myIfskNkvdx\nne4OYuW2cm40ROfOBs3Vakb1VpsXHcbufiwf61etWxnVyRpEEcmIp/AiUtC/W/uynMi7uIO3\nkHL67ClEyruN67K3e36U38qFd4BVu9cud7X699rprDb3Dr9wvG7nQhL32tVK50Tam2wDHCdv\nLI5KcSg2lLZyTjRCQyTd1epFdVebF829s7qopI/z3qxaq3bWIIpIzZLTAqcDv4WGUZ8qqq1t\nQStOG7LRm8x0UYForlYvqr3avOi5b3DvqGCwsGwB+RRG1VmDKCI1S0lLqDDIthN1b4uNdtYl\nEMmlqHtbjEjOYNJSrkXd22JEcgaTlnIt6t4WI5IzmLSUa1H3thiRnMGkpVyLurfFiOQMJi3l\nWtS9LUYkZzBpKdei7m0xIjmDSUu5FnVvixHJGUxayrWoe1uMSM5g0lKuRd3bYkRyBpOWci3q\n3hYjkjOYtJRrUfe2GJGcwaSlXIu6t8WI5AwmLeVa1L0tRiRnMGkp16LubTEiOYNJS7kWdW+L\nEckZTFrKtah7W4xIzmDSUq5F3dtiRHIGk5ZyLereFiMSAOjTEZFeKtPW7/efKmMQNcma7KxB\n81SPvrRdlHuBSBWjrciASJ0FkSpGW5EBkToLIlWMtiIDInUWRKoYbUUGROosiFQx2ooMiNRZ\nEKlitBUZEKmzIFLFaCsyIFJnQaSK0VZkQKTOgkgVo63IgEidBZEqRluRAZE6CyJVjLYiAyJ1\nFkSqGG1FBkTqLIhUMdqKDIjUWRCpYrQVGRCpsyBSxWgrMiBSZ0GkitFWZECkzoJIFaOtyIBI\nnQWRKkZbkQGROgsiVYy2IgMidRZEqhhtRQZE6iyIVDHaigyI1Fm6KdL1WIj++Dbz0f4msp92\nTsOfDYXoDc9T8z5+EOLD8U6B6EUDfhE70ZxS/e5bIb769vvUvL/8QYg//FkpQ140nC+EKpsT\n/VHEKETK29nzYU+IwammSEUNtW2e6i2LSBVIf4KzuA5mL5n52U87Wx+ncTxZDR+iWR8UIuVF\n4/lKkf4aZ/+amPeHaNYfFDLkRUO+UoqUF/1OT6S8nT2K5x1piVTUUInmqd6yiLTlbSrlRfHL\nUq6n0p9gX4w/v3wei362FXRE6onh1c3VUPS2s47FuzP/t+0HkTomZbM50XXJKUX6Snz7408/\nfiu+2s76s/j6u59++v4PInlM0ouG/IdQipQX/Q/xl+w6tHb2XIjjq+DjEh91RCpoqGKR9mlZ\nRNoykXIrS5YCkWZiHP4cievk7N9EX0ukUzEMfw7E2WbeO3EZ1UnKkEw2L3oT9Ot6apH+Kr4N\nf34jvtvM+1r8LfjxfarM9aJxTiVSbvSbaLUKkfJ2dhgL9FG80xCpoKGKRdqrZRFpS5lFXqFI\nJ/GRfyZOEnP74v29lkhHcV/lNN0/CUn7kMnmR3vi3aVapD/Fvau/ij9lXkvpoB/9WijPkXKj\nmSNbrkh5O9tb72Zqf4tEym+oEpH2atmDFulJLvzHZ/nkP86ljA5IbwspF2/By4mpqZwXiTQS\n0cnorRgl5opP/j8dkQYiOn0+F4Pdl87TJ0mZbH406A+qRfpGRCf834tvdl/6PnWSpB39s/9U\nJVJe9Hvx7Z/9k7Nv04clzZ1d73Py0F0kUn5DlYi0V8setEienPgPS7kMJmORVmEHb7Lydqfm\nBSJtPtTMp6slksj9rRpw2hOpIapMtjiqFmlT8ju17x8tvhLJQTXd6N/EVz8qRcqL/mU91pAa\nu9hjZ7fdvnhnCywpbqht81Rv2cMWaSFfg1MjX6dX/+AUmrKUU8+bBm6lp1bTZkUaCNFLnfo0\nI9I3QnyVOvXRjX4TDBlUEenbaIW+vz9WFeld7zK5swWWINIW2yI9yTu/Z7eUz96D378LTbmQ\nfmfuLRi9y0w1K9LgneilxrWbEembr8VXyWODZvQvYX+wikhfxwMP6VOufUQapDxCJA2sDzb4\nh5qlXPlHnbmMRxMiXaTMn4qo/nHv07W7Oe+lhuMa6tr99P1XyTE1veiPX4VDb1VE2iwiPVio\nv7NHH67SO1tgCSJtsS7SQq4mc28+8eS8WZHi84LyLstZarTB27xRGS0UaXPps6ykv0uONuhF\nv42uPRWIpLXWncFC7Z09Sh+PEEkH6yL5fTv56D36vbtHr2LXbiTuw5/3mcEgLZEG0TWjm8vc\n0ajUsK5+VC3S+uLN37KjdumS1ouKLWUiaa81K1LRzg7Ezp1UJaN2RQ21bZ7qLXvgIgWDdW/e\nyn9cecWDDXdyuvKKBhtO4st115nLE5rXkaLu21nq+shViUilUYVIG/4Ud9++S5yZbE73c0Uq\njZaLpLXWv6VH3fV29rKX8ajkOlJRQ22bp3rLHrpIi/CmoIvAmUikvYe/Z/Hvq1HmlizNOxui\n37CDxE1kw7g6PqaHdXWiuiL9NT4mfJMYdY77Zz/9Jb7/oECkvOjGp9TTnDsbitf659SdQno7\ne7o7slkmUnFDbZunesseukhP4UWkoH+3PgnKvSA7L74gW3wLV+V77c6j8bqdC0na99rpiJR3\n19v30Xhd+kLSHvfaqUUqWetfxNepqM7OXvZ2z4/KRLJ2rx0i2SL9CX5K3iOc/Ij1RDpO3tUc\nG5B7W3c2mxfVFenPycugsQB592ZrRjVFyovGV2S/St3aoLWzw22HUkekVEPpiLRPyyJSBXY+\nwtnI/7DH15mPWE+km9OBHx+epQw4D/725ij96zbvTzByopoi/fTXb/zst9+lBPg++GuhP6Ur\nWjOqJ1LhWr/+04+p92ntrNhPpFRD6Yi0T8siUgWKW0IFfyGrGzXYWYPmqR5FpAoYfNrV6wOR\ndHfWoHmqRxGpAgafdvX6QCTdnTVonupRRKqAwaddvT4QSXdnDZqnehSRKmDwaVevD0TS3VmD\n5qkeRaQKGHza1esDkXR31qB5qkcRqQIGn3b1+kAk3Z01aJ7qUUSqgMGnXb0+EEl3Zw2ap3oU\nkSpg8GlXrw9E0t1Zg+apHkWkChh82tXrA5F0d9ageapHEakCBp929fpAJN2dNWie6lFEqoDB\np129PhBJd2cNmqd6FJEqYPBpV68PRNLdWYPmqR5FpAoYfNrV6wORdHfWoHmqRxGpAgafdvX6\nQCTdnTVonupRRKqAwaddvT4QSXdnDZqnehSRKmDwaVevD0TS3VmD5qkeRaQKGHza1esDkXR3\n1qB5qkcRqQIGn3b1+kAk3Z01aJ7qUUQCODhsimTwK6+V35Ymvy7b+iV9QNHDPSIhUt1R97YY\nkSqASHVH3dtiRKoAItUddW+LEakCiFR31L0tRqQKIFLdUfe2GJEqgEh1R93bYkSqACLVHXVv\nixGpAohUd9S9LUakCiBS3VH3thiRKoBIdUfd22JEqgAi1R11b4sRqQKIVHfUvS1GpAogUt1R\n97YYkSqASHVH3dtiRKoAItUddW+LEakCiFR31L0tRqQKIFLdUfe2GJEqgEh1R93bYkSqACLV\nHXVvixGpAohUd9S9LUakCiBS3VH3thiRKpCt8rOhEL3heWb+L0ItUl72fNgTYnBaJtL1WIj+\n+DbTKr+JPVq5aCEaUXXW4ha7t7N7rdYlahXpVEScZucrRcrLHsXzjopFmsVvmb1k5uu3ctFC\nNKIaWXtb7N7O7rdal9AVaSHn/uNULkrek5GhJ4ZXN1dD0cs6ohQpJ3suxPHVzc2xEB8LReqL\n8eeXz2PRzzabfisXLEQnqpG1t8Xu7ex+q3UJXZFWE/nqPcjJquQ92YPKMPw5EGfJ2b+Inlqk\nvOwwFuijeFck0kyMw58jcZ2c/Zvo71FbBQvRiepkrW2xezu752pdQrtr9yDnvkwPZW/ZleEo\n7pedpvpiPfHuUi1SXra3TiXj6ZY6ibsKM3GSmNsX7+/3qK38hWhFdbLWtti9nd1ztS6hf47k\nd+vkRek7dmUYiGio4FwMEnPFcdqEfJHys+tFJPp76ZYaiejs9VaMEnPFJ/+ffm3lL0QrqpO1\ntsXu7eyeq3UJfZFepfR7d2Vk6j3vCJI7IytScXbb7csRaVNBmVLao7aKF6KM6mStbbF7O7vn\nal1ij1G7RelIg9ecSO96l4hkFtVZiDKKSAn2EGkiJ+VvaEikQdIjRKoU1VmIMopICfRFWsq5\nXJa+oxmRjj5cpaKa7dPV2kKk4tW6hLZI/inSk+IkaVP6IZVEUmePUscjRKoW1VmIMopICbRF\nuvDPkBZyWvaWXRkGIqr5y8zIm1qkouwgGPQrFmkk7sOf95nBoL0GsooWoozqZK1tsXs7u+dq\nXUJXpPBarOJC0o4tN0fxxdSz1HWkUpEU2cverkeZ60jR9b3rzOWJvS6tFC1EGdXJWtti93Z2\nz9W6hKZIvkKP/o/H0lsbdmU4jY8mg8zNdjp3NuRkT0XvbPeNu/cJRL/gRpl7uPa62F+0EGVU\nJ2tti93b2T1X6xKaIq07daU322VsKLjXTkekvOxlb+f8KCtS8S1cnb39zGCL3dvZ/VbrErXe\n/X2cvIM7KY+GSDnZodhQKNKn5E3FyXrap7ZSCylo5KIX1Fl7W+zezu63Wpeo9++RTgf+RzU8\ny8ijIVJOdutRsUgvs5H/8jjqgFetrdRCChq58BVl1uIWu7eze63WJfgLWZei7m2x0c66BCK5\nFHVvixGpAohUd9S9LUakCiBS3VH3thiRKoBIdUfd22JEqgAi1R11b4sRqQKIVHfUvS1GpAog\nUt1R97YYkSqASHVH3dtiRKoAItUddW+LEakCiFR31L0tRqQKIFLdUfe2GJEqgEh1R93bYkSq\nACLVHXVvixGpAohUd9S9LUakCiBS3VH3thiRKoBIdUfd22JEqgAi1R11b4sRqQKIVHfUvS1G\npAogUt1R97YYkQBAH0QCsAAiAVgAkQAsgEgAFkAkAAsgEoAFEAnAAogEYAFEArAAIgFYAJEA\nLIBIABZAJAALIBKABRAJwAKIBGABRAKwACIBWACRACyASAAWQCQACyASgAUQCcACiARgAUQC\nsAAiAVgAkQAsgEgAFkAkAAsgEoAFEAnAAogEYAFEArAAIgFYAJEALIBIABZAJAALIBKABRAJ\nwAKIBGABRAKwACIBWACRACyASAAWQCQACyASgAUQCcACiARgAUQCsAAiAVgAkQAsgEgAFkAk\nAAsgEoAFEAnAAogEYAFEArAAIgFYAJEALIBIABZAJAALIBKABRAJwAKIBGABRAKwACIBWACR\nACyASAAWQCQACyASgAUQCcACiARgAUQCsAAiAVgAkQAsgEgAFkAkAAsgEoAFEAnAAogEYAFE\nArAAIgFYAJEALIBIABZAJAALIBKABRAJwAKIBGABRAKwACIBWACRACyASAAWQCQAC/x/QSo7\nAyzJEiQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ggcorr(data,\n",
    "    nbreaks = 6,\n",
    "    label = TRUE,\n",
    "    label_size = 5,\n",
    "    color = \"grey50\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>playerID</th><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>stint</th><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>lgID</th><th scope=col>G</th><th scope=col>AB</th><th scope=col>R</th><th scope=col>H</th><th scope=col>X2B</th><th scope=col>...</th><th scope=col>RBI</th><th scope=col>SB</th><th scope=col>CS</th><th scope=col>BB</th><th scope=col>SO</th><th scope=col>IBB</th><th scope=col>HBP</th><th scope=col>SH</th><th scope=col>SF</th><th scope=col>GIDP</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abercda01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>TRO      </td><td>NA       </td><td> 1       </td><td>  4      </td><td> 0       </td><td> 0       </td><td> 0       </td><td>...      </td><td> 0       </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>0        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>addybo01 </td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>RC1      </td><td>NA       </td><td>25       </td><td>118      </td><td>30       </td><td>32       </td><td> 6       </td><td>...      </td><td>13       </td><td>8        </td><td>1        </td><td>4        </td><td>0        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>0        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>allisar01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>CL1      </td><td>NA       </td><td>29       </td><td>137      </td><td>28       </td><td>40       </td><td> 4       </td><td>...      </td><td>19       </td><td>3        </td><td>1        </td><td>2        </td><td>5        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>allisdo01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>WS3      </td><td>NA       </td><td>27       </td><td>133      </td><td>28       </td><td>44       </td><td>10       </td><td>...      </td><td>27       </td><td>1        </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>2        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>0        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ansonca01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>RC1      </td><td>NA       </td><td>25       </td><td>120      </td><td>29       </td><td>39       </td><td>11       </td><td>...      </td><td>16       </td><td>6        </td><td>2        </td><td>2        </td><td>1        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>0        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>armstbo01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1        </td><td>FW1      </td><td>NA       </td><td>12       </td><td> 49      </td><td> 9       </td><td>11       </td><td> 2       </td><td>...      </td><td> 5       </td><td>0        </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>1        </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>NA       </td><td>0        </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllllllllllllllll}\n",
       " playerID & yearID & stint & teamID & lgID & G & AB & R & H & X2B & ... & RBI & SB & CS & BB & SO & IBB & HBP & SH & SF & GIDP\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t abercda01 & 1871      & 1         & TRO       & NA        &  1        &   4       &  0        &  0        &  0        & ...       &  0        & 0         & 0         & 0         & 0         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 0        \\\\\n",
       "\t addybo01  & 1871      & 1         & RC1       & NA        & 25        & 118       & 30        & 32        &  6        & ...       & 13        & 8         & 1         & 4         & 0         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 0        \\\\\n",
       "\t allisar01 & 1871      & 1         & CL1       & NA        & 29        & 137       & 28        & 40        &  4        & ...       & 19        & 3         & 1         & 2         & 5         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t allisdo01 & 1871      & 1         & WS3       & NA        & 27        & 133       & 28        & 44        & 10        & ...       & 27        & 1         & 1         & 0         & 2         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 0        \\\\\n",
       "\t ansonca01 & 1871      & 1         & RC1       & NA        & 25        & 120       & 29        & 39        & 11        & ...       & 16        & 6         & 2         & 2         & 1         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 0        \\\\\n",
       "\t armstbo01 & 1871      & 1         & FW1       & NA        & 12        &  49       &  9        & 11        &  2        & ...       &  5        & 0         & 1         & 0         & 1         & NA        & NA        & NA        & NA        & 0        \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| playerID | yearID | stint | teamID | lgID | G | AB | R | H | X2B | ... | RBI | SB | CS | BB | SO | IBB | HBP | SH | SF | GIDP |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| abercda01 | 1871      | 1         | TRO       | NA        |  1        |   4       |  0        |  0        |  0        | ...       |  0        | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 0         |\n",
       "| addybo01  | 1871      | 1         | RC1       | NA        | 25        | 118       | 30        | 32        |  6        | ...       | 13        | 8         | 1         | 4         | 0         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 0         |\n",
       "| allisar01 | 1871      | 1         | CL1       | NA        | 29        | 137       | 28        | 40        |  4        | ...       | 19        | 3         | 1         | 2         | 5         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 1         |\n",
       "| allisdo01 | 1871      | 1         | WS3       | NA        | 27        | 133       | 28        | 44        | 10        | ...       | 27        | 1         | 1         | 0         | 2         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 0         |\n",
       "| ansonca01 | 1871      | 1         | RC1       | NA        | 25        | 120       | 29        | 39        | 11        | ...       | 16        | 6         | 2         | 2         | 1         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 0         |\n",
       "| armstbo01 | 1871      | 1         | FW1       | NA        | 12        |  49       |  9        | 11        |  2        | ...       |  5        | 0         | 1         | 0         | 1         | NA        | NA        | NA        | NA        | 0         |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  playerID  yearID stint teamID lgID G  AB  R  H  X2B ... RBI SB CS BB SO IBB\n",
       "1 abercda01 1871   1     TRO    NA    1   4  0  0  0  ...  0  0  0  0  0  NA \n",
       "2 addybo01  1871   1     RC1    NA   25 118 30 32  6  ... 13  8  1  4  0  NA \n",
       "3 allisar01 1871   1     CL1    NA   29 137 28 40  4  ... 19  3  1  2  5  NA \n",
       "4 allisdo01 1871   1     WS3    NA   27 133 28 44 10  ... 27  1  1  0  2  NA \n",
       "5 ansonca01 1871   1     RC1    NA   25 120 29 39 11  ... 16  6  2  2  1  NA \n",
       "6 armstbo01 1871   1     FW1    NA   12  49  9 11  2  ...  5  0  1  0  1  NA \n",
       "  HBP SH SF GIDP\n",
       "1 NA  NA NA 0   \n",
       "2 NA  NA NA 0   \n",
       "3 NA  NA NA 1   \n",
       "4 NA  NA NA 0   \n",
       "5 NA  NA NA 0   \n",
       "6 NA  NA NA 0   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(dplyr)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Step 1\n",
    "data <- read.csv(\"DataSets//lahman-batting.csv\")\n",
    "head(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>playerID</th><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>stint</th><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>lgID</th><th scope=col>G</th><th scope=col>AB</th><th scope=col>R</th><th scope=col>H</th><th scope=col>X2B</th><th scope=col>...</th><th scope=col>RBI</th><th scope=col>SB</th><th scope=col>CS</th><th scope=col>BB</th><th scope=col>SO</th><th scope=col>IBB</th><th scope=col>HBP</th><th scope=col>SH</th><th scope=col>SF</th><th scope=col>GIDP</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104319</th><td>zimmebr01</td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>CLE      </td><td>AL       </td><td>101      </td><td>299      </td><td>41       </td><td> 72      </td><td>15       </td><td>...      </td><td> 39      </td><td>18       </td><td>1        </td><td>26       </td><td> 99      </td><td>1        </td><td>4        </td><td>0        </td><td>3        </td><td> 5       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104320</th><td>zimmejo02</td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>DET      </td><td>AL       </td><td> 29      </td><td>  6      </td><td> 0       </td><td>  1      </td><td> 0       </td><td>...      </td><td>  0      </td><td> 0       </td><td>0        </td><td> 0       </td><td>  1      </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td> 0       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104321</th><td>zimmery01</td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>WAS      </td><td>NL       </td><td>144      </td><td>524      </td><td>90       </td><td>159      </td><td>33       </td><td>...      </td><td>108      </td><td> 1       </td><td>0        </td><td>44       </td><td>126      </td><td>1        </td><td>3        </td><td>0        </td><td>5        </td><td>16       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104322</th><td>zobribe01</td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>CHN      </td><td>NL       </td><td>128      </td><td>435      </td><td>58       </td><td>101      </td><td>20       </td><td>...      </td><td> 50      </td><td> 2       </td><td>2        </td><td>54       </td><td> 71      </td><td>2        </td><td>2        </td><td>2        </td><td>3        </td><td>13       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104323</th><td>zuninmi01</td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>SEA      </td><td>AL       </td><td>124      </td><td>387      </td><td>52       </td><td> 97      </td><td>25       </td><td>...      </td><td> 64      </td><td> 1       </td><td>0        </td><td>39       </td><td>160      </td><td>0        </td><td>8        </td><td>0        </td><td>1        </td><td> 8       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>104324</th><td>zychto01 </td><td>2017     </td><td>1        </td><td>SEA      </td><td>AL       </td><td> 45      </td><td>  0      </td><td> 0       </td><td>  0      </td><td> 0       </td><td>...      </td><td>  0      </td><td> 0       </td><td>0        </td><td> 0       </td><td>  0      </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td> 0       </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllllllllllllllll}\n",
       "  & playerID & yearID & stint & teamID & lgID & G & AB & R & H & X2B & ... & RBI & SB & CS & BB & SO & IBB & HBP & SH & SF & GIDP\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t104319 & zimmebr01 & 2017      & 1         & CLE       & AL        & 101       & 299       & 41        &  72       & 15        & ...       &  39       & 18        & 1         & 26        &  99       & 1         & 4         & 0         & 3         &  5       \\\\\n",
       "\t104320 & zimmejo02 & 2017      & 1         & DET       & AL        &  29       &   6       &  0        &   1       &  0        & ...       &   0       &  0        & 0         &  0        &   1       & 0         & 0         & 0         & 0         &  0       \\\\\n",
       "\t104321 & zimmery01 & 2017      & 1         & WAS       & NL        & 144       & 524       & 90        & 159       & 33        & ...       & 108       &  1        & 0         & 44        & 126       & 1         & 3         & 0         & 5         & 16       \\\\\n",
       "\t104322 & zobribe01 & 2017      & 1         & CHN       & NL        & 128       & 435       & 58        & 101       & 20        & ...       &  50       &  2        & 2         & 54        &  71       & 2         & 2         & 2         & 3         & 13       \\\\\n",
       "\t104323 & zuninmi01 & 2017      & 1         & SEA       & AL        & 124       & 387       & 52        &  97       & 25        & ...       &  64       &  1        & 0         & 39        & 160       & 0         & 8         & 0         & 1         &  8       \\\\\n",
       "\t104324 & zychto01  & 2017      & 1         & SEA       & AL        &  45       &   0       &  0        &   0       &  0        & ...       &   0       &  0        & 0         &  0        &   0       & 0         & 0         & 0         & 0         &  0       \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | playerID | yearID | stint | teamID | lgID | G | AB | R | H | X2B | ... | RBI | SB | CS | BB | SO | IBB | HBP | SH | SF | GIDP |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 104319 | zimmebr01 | 2017      | 1         | CLE       | AL        | 101       | 299       | 41        |  72       | 15        | ...       |  39       | 18        | 1         | 26        |  99       | 1         | 4         | 0         | 3         |  5        |\n",
       "| 104320 | zimmejo02 | 2017      | 1         | DET       | AL        |  29       |   6       |  0        |   1       |  0        | ...       |   0       |  0        | 0         |  0        |   1       | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         |  0        |\n",
       "| 104321 | zimmery01 | 2017      | 1         | WAS       | NL        | 144       | 524       | 90        | 159       | 33        | ...       | 108       |  1        | 0         | 44        | 126       | 1         | 3         | 0         | 5         | 16        |\n",
       "| 104322 | zobribe01 | 2017      | 1         | CHN       | NL        | 128       | 435       | 58        | 101       | 20        | ...       |  50       |  2        | 2         | 54        |  71       | 2         | 2         | 2         | 3         | 13        |\n",
       "| 104323 | zuninmi01 | 2017      | 1         | SEA       | AL        | 124       | 387       | 52        |  97       | 25        | ...       |  64       |  1        | 0         | 39        | 160       | 0         | 8         | 0         | 1         |  8        |\n",
       "| 104324 | zychto01  | 2017      | 1         | SEA       | AL        |  45       |   0       |  0        |   0       |  0        | ...       |   0       |  0        | 0         |  0        |   0       | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         |  0        |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       playerID  yearID stint teamID lgID G   AB  R  H   X2B ... RBI SB CS BB\n",
       "104319 zimmebr01 2017   1     CLE    AL   101 299 41  72 15  ...  39 18 1  26\n",
       "104320 zimmejo02 2017   1     DET    AL    29   6  0   1  0  ...   0  0 0   0\n",
       "104321 zimmery01 2017   1     WAS    NL   144 524 90 159 33  ... 108  1 0  44\n",
       "104322 zobribe01 2017   1     CHN    NL   128 435 58 101 20  ...  50  2 2  54\n",
       "104323 zuninmi01 2017   1     SEA    AL   124 387 52  97 25  ...  64  1 0  39\n",
       "104324 zychto01  2017   1     SEA    AL    45   0  0   0  0  ...   0  0 0   0\n",
       "       SO  IBB HBP SH SF GIDP\n",
       "104319  99 1   4   0  3   5  \n",
       "104320   1 0   0   0  0   0  \n",
       "104321 126 1   3   0  5  16  \n",
       "104322  71 2   2   2  3  13  \n",
       "104323 160 0   8   0  1   8  \n",
       "104324   0 0   0   0  0   0  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tail(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Observations: 104,324\n",
      "Variables: 22\n",
      "$ playerID <fct> abercda01, addybo01, allisar01, allisdo01, ansonca01, arms...\n",
      "$ yearID   <int> 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871, 1871...\n",
      "$ stint    <int> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...\n",
      "$ teamID   <fct> TRO, RC1, CL1, WS3, RC1, FW1, RC1, BS1, FW1, BS1, CL1, CL1...\n",
      "$ lgID     <fct> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...\n",
      "$ G        <int> 1, 25, 29, 27, 25, 12, 1, 31, 1, 18, 22, 1, 10, 3, 20, 29,...\n",
      "$ AB       <int> 4, 118, 137, 133, 120, 49, 4, 157, 5, 86, 89, 3, 36, 15, 9...\n",
      "$ R        <int> 0, 30, 28, 28, 29, 9, 0, 66, 1, 13, 18, 0, 6, 7, 24, 26, 0...\n",
      "$ H        <int> 0, 32, 40, 44, 39, 11, 1, 63, 1, 13, 27, 0, 7, 6, 33, 32, ...\n",
      "$ X2B      <int> 0, 6, 4, 10, 11, 2, 0, 10, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 9, 3, 0, 0, 1...\n",
      "$ X3B      <int> 0, 0, 5, 2, 3, 1, 0, 9, 0, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 1, ...\n",
      "$ HR       <int> 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0...\n",
      "$ RBI      <int> 0, 13, 19, 27, 16, 5, 2, 34, 1, 11, 18, 0, 1, 5, 21, 23, 0...\n",
      "$ SB       <int> 0, 8, 3, 1, 6, 0, 0, 11, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 0, 0, 3, ...\n",
      "$ CS       <int> 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 6, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 1, 0...\n",
      "$ BB       <int> 0, 4, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 13, 0, 0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 2, 9, 0, 0, 4, ...\n",
      "$ SO       <int> 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 0, 2, 0...\n",
      "$ IBB      <int> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...\n",
      "$ HBP      <int> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...\n",
      "$ SH       <int> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...\n",
      "$ SF       <int> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...\n",
      "$ GIDP     <int> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "glimpse(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>mean_run</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>18.7621</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|l}\n",
       " mean\\_run\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 18.7621\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| mean_run |\n",
       "|---|\n",
       "| 18.7621 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  mean_run\n",
       "1 18.7621 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "summarise(data, mean_run =mean(R))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>mean_games</th><th scope=col>mean_SH</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>51.28215</td><td>2.279202</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " mean\\_games & mean\\_SH\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 51.28215 & 2.279202\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| mean_games | mean_SH |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 51.28215 | 2.279202 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  mean_games mean_SH \n",
       "1 51.28215   2.279202"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "summarise(data, mean_games = mean(G),\n",
    "    mean_SH = mean(SH, na.rm = TRUE))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'ggplot2':\n",
      "  method         from \n",
      "  [.quosures     rlang\n",
      "  c.quosures     rlang\n",
      "  print.quosures rlang\n",
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"Factor `lgID` contains implicit NA, consider using `forcats::fct_explicit_na`\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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B4Mu4V0HH4atK4Pr0F3Buk4Tn86kIKqqul6M21W+Un1udl87Vb51WZZ1dt7ph2r\nj0fDriCdhp8GvVfTzXp6Cek0Tn86kIJq0GxWu7uH1eK9XeXrarZoPzjZrftv94fdQDoNPw2a\n7D7xAtL5OP3ZQArqbINretgIW2w3vSarzeklrO8Pu4F09lLC09tPPL/02y85rEf5IQR1Wr1n\n1eRjsdq9/zWp6uV9SKdh30C6HATSePNDCOq0zbY7nnZYvT9O22CPhj3YtDu8txt0tWm3uhyn\nP50fRVDV7mDAe3NpuT8sUG8vfTUHG+bNUYHP7Yi7w24gnQ8/DJo37+5n/TxedxinPx1IQZ2O\na8+PG1y7S+/HY9df94fdQDoNPw06Hf5ur3u/HKc/HUhBtY+0vrWPtM62dzvLVsa8rur35qpV\ne92DYbePIx2Hn83VPCD7eZj1/Xqc/nAgvVTViE9IVXYgvUjN3tJ2q272p5dD9wPpRdrvLa3+\n9HLofiC9Sh+TqppxNNZAkgICSQoIJCkgkKSAQJICAkkKCCQpIJCkgP4fbQEbBCk16aYAAAAA\nSUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(ggplot2)\n",
    "# Step 1\n",
    "data %>% \n",
    "#Step 2\n",
    "group_by(lgID) %>% \n",
    "#Step 3\n",
    "summarise(mean_home_run = mean(HR)) %>% \n",
    "#Step 4\n",
    "ggplot(aes(x = lgID, y = mean_home_run, fill = lgID)) +\n",
    "    geom_bar(stat = \"identity\") +\n",
    "    theme_classic() +\n",
    "    labs(\n",
    "        x = \"baseball league\",\n",
    "        y = \"Average home run\",\n",
    "        title = paste(\n",
    "            \"Example group_by() with summarise()\"\n",
    "        )\n",
    "    )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>mean_game_year</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1871    </td><td>19.96522</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1872    </td><td>21.05096</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1873    </td><td>28.83200</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1874    </td><td>34.13821</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1875    </td><td>28.66055</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1876    </td><td>37.87097</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " yearID & mean\\_game\\_year\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 1871     & 19.96522\\\\\n",
       "\t 1872     & 21.05096\\\\\n",
       "\t 1873     & 28.83200\\\\\n",
       "\t 1874     & 34.13821\\\\\n",
       "\t 1875     & 28.66055\\\\\n",
       "\t 1876     & 37.87097\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| yearID | mean_game_year |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 1871     | 19.96522 |\n",
       "| 1872     | 21.05096 |\n",
       "| 1873     | 28.83200 |\n",
       "| 1874     | 34.13821 |\n",
       "| 1875     | 28.66055 |\n",
       "| 1876     | 37.87097 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  yearID mean_game_year\n",
       "1 1871   19.96522      \n",
       "2 1872   21.05096      \n",
       "3 1873   28.83200      \n",
       "4 1874   34.13821      \n",
       "5 1875   28.66055      \n",
       "6 1876   37.87097      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ex1 <- data %>%\n",
    "    group_by(yearID) %>%\n",
    "    summarise(mean_game_year = mean(G))\n",
    "head(ex1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>mean_game_year</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2012    </td><td>49.37429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013    </td><td>49.16111</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2014    </td><td>48.47666</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2015    </td><td>47.46568</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2016    </td><td>47.50573</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2017    </td><td>47.35007</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " yearID & mean\\_game\\_year\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2012     & 49.37429\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013     & 49.16111\\\\\n",
       "\t 2014     & 48.47666\\\\\n",
       "\t 2015     & 47.46568\\\\\n",
       "\t 2016     & 47.50573\\\\\n",
       "\t 2017     & 47.35007\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| yearID | mean_game_year |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 2012     | 49.37429 |\n",
       "| 2013     | 49.16111 |\n",
       "| 2014     | 48.47666 |\n",
       "| 2015     | 47.46568 |\n",
       "| 2016     | 47.50573 |\n",
       "| 2017     | 47.35007 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  yearID mean_game_year\n",
       "1 2012   49.37429      \n",
       "2 2013   49.16111      \n",
       "3 2014   48.47666      \n",
       "4 2015   47.46568      \n",
       "5 2016   47.50573      \n",
       "6 2017   47.35007      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tail(ex1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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sQvkquk9EVy6KPcCYIyp1REqkCksbKm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\nRAIQAJEABEAkAAEQCUAARAIQ4D8oJ24hc2yJdAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Plot the graph\n",
    "ggplot(ex1, aes(x = yearID, y = mean_game_year)) +\n",
    "    geom_line() +\n",
    "    theme_classic() +\n",
    "    labs(\n",
    "        x = \"Year\",\n",
    "        y = \"Average games played\",\n",
    "        title = paste(\n",
    "            \"Average games played from 1871 to 2016\"\n",
    "        )\n",
    "    )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"Factor `lgID` contains implicit NA, consider using `forcats::fct_explicit_na`\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>lgID</th><th scope=col>median_at_bat_league</th><th scope=col>median_at_bat_league_no_zero</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>AA   </td><td>126.0</td><td>127.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>AL   </td><td> 37.0</td><td> 87.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>FL   </td><td> 84.5</td><td> 88.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NL   </td><td> 53.0</td><td> 64.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PL   </td><td>218.0</td><td>218.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>UA   </td><td> 36.0</td><td> 36.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NA   </td><td> 95.0</td><td> 95.0</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " lgID & median\\_at\\_bat\\_league & median\\_at\\_bat\\_league\\_no\\_zero\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t AA    & 126.0 & 127.5\\\\\n",
       "\t AL    &  37.0 &  87.0\\\\\n",
       "\t FL    &  84.5 &  88.0\\\\\n",
       "\t NL    &  53.0 &  64.0\\\\\n",
       "\t PL    & 218.0 & 218.0\\\\\n",
       "\t UA    &  36.0 &  36.0\\\\\n",
       "\t NA    &  95.0 &  95.0\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| lgID | median_at_bat_league | median_at_bat_league_no_zero |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| AA    | 126.0 | 127.5 |\n",
       "| AL    |  37.0 |  87.0 |\n",
       "| FL    |  84.5 |  88.0 |\n",
       "| NL    |  53.0 |  64.0 |\n",
       "| PL    | 218.0 | 218.0 |\n",
       "| UA    |  36.0 |  36.0 |\n",
       "| NA    |  95.0 |  95.0 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  lgID median_at_bat_league median_at_bat_league_no_zero\n",
       "1 AA   126.0                127.5                       \n",
       "2 AL    37.0                 87.0                       \n",
       "3 FL    84.5                 88.0                       \n",
       "4 NL    53.0                 64.0                       \n",
       "5 PL   218.0                218.0                       \n",
       "6 UA    36.0                 36.0                       \n",
       "7 NA    95.0                 95.0                       "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## Subsetting + Median\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(lgID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(median_at_bat_league = median(AB), \n",
    "    #Compute the median without the zero \n",
    "    median_at_bat_league_no_zero = median(AB[AB > 0]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"Factor `lgID` contains implicit NA, consider using `forcats::fct_explicit_na`\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>lgID</th><th scope=col>sum_homerun_league</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>AA    </td><td>  1907</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>AL    </td><td>146908</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>FL    </td><td>   545</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NL    </td><td>145386</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PL    </td><td>   320</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>UA    </td><td>   125</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NA    </td><td>   211</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " lgID & sum\\_homerun\\_league\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t AA     &   1907\\\\\n",
       "\t AL     & 146908\\\\\n",
       "\t FL     &    545\\\\\n",
       "\t NL     & 145386\\\\\n",
       "\t PL     &    320\\\\\n",
       "\t UA     &    125\\\\\n",
       "\t NA     &    211\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| lgID | sum_homerun_league |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| AA     |   1907 |\n",
       "| AL     | 146908 |\n",
       "| FL     |    545 |\n",
       "| NL     | 145386 |\n",
       "| PL     |    320 |\n",
       "| UA     |    125 |\n",
       "| NA     |    211 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  lgID sum_homerun_league\n",
       "1 AA     1907            \n",
       "2 AL   146908            \n",
       "3 FL      545            \n",
       "4 NL   145386            \n",
       "5 PL      320            \n",
       "6 UA      125            \n",
       "7 NA      211            "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## Sum\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "    group_by(lgID) %>%\n",
    "    summarise(sum_homerun_league = sum(HR))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>sd_at_bat_league</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ALT      </td><td>0.3233808</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ANA      </td><td>8.1409259</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ARI      </td><td>7.3090221</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ATL      </td><td>7.6843757</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BAL      </td><td>7.4666026</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BFN      </td><td>1.9721850</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BFP      </td><td>1.3056092</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL1      </td><td>1.2547781</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL2      </td><td>1.4916634</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL3      </td><td>1.8636029</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL4      </td><td>0.0000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BLA      </td><td>1.6723243</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BLF      </td><td>1.9422928</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BLN      </td><td>1.7955916</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BLU      </td><td>1.1335434</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BOS      </td><td>6.8289739</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR1      </td><td>0.0000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR2      </td><td>0.3480278</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR3      </td><td>1.6722958</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR4      </td><td>1.0537503</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BRF      </td><td>2.2688594</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BRO      </td><td>4.9876109</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BRP      </td><td>2.3452079</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BS1      </td><td>1.2899397</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BS2      </td><td>3.2521788</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSN      </td><td>3.5114668</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSP      </td><td>4.4794374</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSU      </td><td>2.4879711</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BUF      </td><td>2.9258317</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CAL      </td><td>6.1442683</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL3      </td><td>0.3149704</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL4      </td><td>2.5874696</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL5      </td><td>1.7792454</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLA      </td><td>4.1715742</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLF      </td><td>1.7553417</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLN      </td><td>5.8017808</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLU      </td><td>2.9192018</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SPU      </td><td>0.0000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SR1      </td><td>0.4608886</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SR2      </td><td>0.8603661</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TBA      </td><td>6.8343685</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TEX      </td><td>7.7481337</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TL1      </td><td>0.7400129</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TL2      </td><td>1.6091842</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TOR      </td><td>8.0143308</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TRN      </td><td>0.8928054</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TRO      </td><td>1.1025333</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WAS      </td><td>6.2228039</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WIL      </td><td>0.4472136</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WOR      </td><td>1.2001648</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS1      </td><td>3.6177704</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS2      </td><td>6.5185979</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS3      </td><td>0.5681121</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS4      </td><td>0.0000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS5      </td><td>0.3518658</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS6      </td><td>0.0000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS7      </td><td>0.5972158</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS8      </td><td>2.6061837</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS9      </td><td>0.9515279</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WSU      </td><td>0.3372321</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " teamID & sd\\_at\\_bat\\_league\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t ALT       & 0.3233808\\\\\n",
       "\t ANA       & 8.1409259\\\\\n",
       "\t ARI       & 7.3090221\\\\\n",
       "\t ATL       & 7.6843757\\\\\n",
       "\t BAL       & 7.4666026\\\\\n",
       "\t BFN       & 1.9721850\\\\\n",
       "\t BFP       & 1.3056092\\\\\n",
       "\t BL1       & 1.2547781\\\\\n",
       "\t BL2       & 1.4916634\\\\\n",
       "\t BL3       & 1.8636029\\\\\n",
       "\t BL4       & 0.0000000\\\\\n",
       "\t BLA       & 1.6723243\\\\\n",
       "\t BLF       & 1.9422928\\\\\n",
       "\t BLN       & 1.7955916\\\\\n",
       "\t BLU       & 1.1335434\\\\\n",
       "\t BOS       & 6.8289739\\\\\n",
       "\t BR1       & 0.0000000\\\\\n",
       "\t BR2       & 0.3480278\\\\\n",
       "\t BR3       & 1.6722958\\\\\n",
       "\t BR4       & 1.0537503\\\\\n",
       "\t BRF       & 2.2688594\\\\\n",
       "\t BRO       & 4.9876109\\\\\n",
       "\t BRP       & 2.3452079\\\\\n",
       "\t BS1       & 1.2899397\\\\\n",
       "\t BS2       & 3.2521788\\\\\n",
       "\t BSN       & 3.5114668\\\\\n",
       "\t BSP       & 4.4794374\\\\\n",
       "\t BSU       & 2.4879711\\\\\n",
       "\t BUF       & 2.9258317\\\\\n",
       "\t CAL       & 6.1442683\\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t SL3       & 0.3149704\\\\\n",
       "\t SL4       & 2.5874696\\\\\n",
       "\t SL5       & 1.7792454\\\\\n",
       "\t SLA       & 4.1715742\\\\\n",
       "\t SLF       & 1.7553417\\\\\n",
       "\t SLN       & 5.8017808\\\\\n",
       "\t SLU       & 2.9192018\\\\\n",
       "\t SPU       & 0.0000000\\\\\n",
       "\t SR1       & 0.4608886\\\\\n",
       "\t SR2       & 0.8603661\\\\\n",
       "\t TBA       & 6.8343685\\\\\n",
       "\t TEX       & 7.7481337\\\\\n",
       "\t TL1       & 0.7400129\\\\\n",
       "\t TL2       & 1.6091842\\\\\n",
       "\t TOR       & 8.0143308\\\\\n",
       "\t TRN       & 0.8928054\\\\\n",
       "\t TRO       & 1.1025333\\\\\n",
       "\t WAS       & 6.2228039\\\\\n",
       "\t WIL       & 0.4472136\\\\\n",
       "\t WOR       & 1.2001648\\\\\n",
       "\t WS1       & 3.6177704\\\\\n",
       "\t WS2       & 6.5185979\\\\\n",
       "\t WS3       & 0.5681121\\\\\n",
       "\t WS4       & 0.0000000\\\\\n",
       "\t WS5       & 0.3518658\\\\\n",
       "\t WS6       & 0.0000000\\\\\n",
       "\t WS7       & 0.5972158\\\\\n",
       "\t WS8       & 2.6061837\\\\\n",
       "\t WS9       & 0.9515279\\\\\n",
       "\t WSU       & 0.3372321\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| teamID | sd_at_bat_league |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| ALT       | 0.3233808 |\n",
       "| ANA       | 8.1409259 |\n",
       "| ARI       | 7.3090221 |\n",
       "| ATL       | 7.6843757 |\n",
       "| BAL       | 7.4666026 |\n",
       "| BFN       | 1.9721850 |\n",
       "| BFP       | 1.3056092 |\n",
       "| BL1       | 1.2547781 |\n",
       "| BL2       | 1.4916634 |\n",
       "| BL3       | 1.8636029 |\n",
       "| BL4       | 0.0000000 |\n",
       "| BLA       | 1.6723243 |\n",
       "| BLF       | 1.9422928 |\n",
       "| BLN       | 1.7955916 |\n",
       "| BLU       | 1.1335434 |\n",
       "| BOS       | 6.8289739 |\n",
       "| BR1       | 0.0000000 |\n",
       "| BR2       | 0.3480278 |\n",
       "| BR3       | 1.6722958 |\n",
       "| BR4       | 1.0537503 |\n",
       "| BRF       | 2.2688594 |\n",
       "| BRO       | 4.9876109 |\n",
       "| BRP       | 2.3452079 |\n",
       "| BS1       | 1.2899397 |\n",
       "| BS2       | 3.2521788 |\n",
       "| BSN       | 3.5114668 |\n",
       "| BSP       | 4.4794374 |\n",
       "| BSU       | 2.4879711 |\n",
       "| BUF       | 2.9258317 |\n",
       "| CAL       | 6.1442683 |\n",
       "| ... | ... |\n",
       "| SL3       | 0.3149704 |\n",
       "| SL4       | 2.5874696 |\n",
       "| SL5       | 1.7792454 |\n",
       "| SLA       | 4.1715742 |\n",
       "| SLF       | 1.7553417 |\n",
       "| SLN       | 5.8017808 |\n",
       "| SLU       | 2.9192018 |\n",
       "| SPU       | 0.0000000 |\n",
       "| SR1       | 0.4608886 |\n",
       "| SR2       | 0.8603661 |\n",
       "| TBA       | 6.8343685 |\n",
       "| TEX       | 7.7481337 |\n",
       "| TL1       | 0.7400129 |\n",
       "| TL2       | 1.6091842 |\n",
       "| TOR       | 8.0143308 |\n",
       "| TRN       | 0.8928054 |\n",
       "| TRO       | 1.1025333 |\n",
       "| WAS       | 6.2228039 |\n",
       "| WIL       | 0.4472136 |\n",
       "| WOR       | 1.2001648 |\n",
       "| WS1       | 3.6177704 |\n",
       "| WS2       | 6.5185979 |\n",
       "| WS3       | 0.5681121 |\n",
       "| WS4       | 0.0000000 |\n",
       "| WS5       | 0.3518658 |\n",
       "| WS6       | 0.0000000 |\n",
       "| WS7       | 0.5972158 |\n",
       "| WS8       | 2.6061837 |\n",
       "| WS9       | 0.9515279 |\n",
       "| WSU       | 0.3372321 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    teamID sd_at_bat_league\n",
       "1   ALT    0.3233808       \n",
       "2   ANA    8.1409259       \n",
       "3   ARI    7.3090221       \n",
       "4   ATL    7.6843757       \n",
       "5   BAL    7.4666026       \n",
       "6   BFN    1.9721850       \n",
       "7   BFP    1.3056092       \n",
       "8   BL1    1.2547781       \n",
       "9   BL2    1.4916634       \n",
       "10  BL3    1.8636029       \n",
       "11  BL4    0.0000000       \n",
       "12  BLA    1.6723243       \n",
       "13  BLF    1.9422928       \n",
       "14  BLN    1.7955916       \n",
       "15  BLU    1.1335434       \n",
       "16  BOS    6.8289739       \n",
       "17  BR1    0.0000000       \n",
       "18  BR2    0.3480278       \n",
       "19  BR3    1.6722958       \n",
       "20  BR4    1.0537503       \n",
       "21  BRF    2.2688594       \n",
       "22  BRO    4.9876109       \n",
       "23  BRP    2.3452079       \n",
       "24  BS1    1.2899397       \n",
       "25  BS2    3.2521788       \n",
       "26  BSN    3.5114668       \n",
       "27  BSP    4.4794374       \n",
       "28  BSU    2.4879711       \n",
       "29  BUF    2.9258317       \n",
       "30  CAL    6.1442683       \n",
       "... ...    ...             \n",
       "120 SL3    0.3149704       \n",
       "121 SL4    2.5874696       \n",
       "122 SL5    1.7792454       \n",
       "123 SLA    4.1715742       \n",
       "124 SLF    1.7553417       \n",
       "125 SLN    5.8017808       \n",
       "126 SLU    2.9192018       \n",
       "127 SPU    0.0000000       \n",
       "128 SR1    0.4608886       \n",
       "129 SR2    0.8603661       \n",
       "130 TBA    6.8343685       \n",
       "131 TEX    7.7481337       \n",
       "132 TL1    0.7400129       \n",
       "133 TL2    1.6091842       \n",
       "134 TOR    8.0143308       \n",
       "135 TRN    0.8928054       \n",
       "136 TRO    1.1025333       \n",
       "137 WAS    6.2228039       \n",
       "138 WIL    0.4472136       \n",
       "139 WOR    1.2001648       \n",
       "140 WS1    3.6177704       \n",
       "141 WS2    6.5185979       \n",
       "142 WS3    0.5681121       \n",
       "143 WS4    0.0000000       \n",
       "144 WS5    0.3518658       \n",
       "145 WS6    0.0000000       \n",
       "146 WS7    0.5972158       \n",
       "147 WS8    2.6061837       \n",
       "148 WS9    0.9515279       \n",
       "149 WSU    0.3372321       "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Spread std\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(teamID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(sd_at_bat_league = sd(HR))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>playerID</th><th scope=col>min_G</th><th scope=col>max_G</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aardsda01</td><td> 1       </td><td> 73      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aaronha01</td><td>85       </td><td>161      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aaronto01</td><td> 8       </td><td>141      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aasedo01 </td><td> 7       </td><td> 66      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadan01 </td><td> 1       </td><td>  9      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadfe01 </td><td>18       </td><td> 69      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadijo01</td><td> 1       </td><td> 11      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbated01</td><td> 3       </td><td>154      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbeybe01</td><td> 1       </td><td> 27      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbeych01</td><td>31       </td><td>133      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotda01</td><td> 3       </td><td>  3      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotfr01</td><td>41       </td><td> 77      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotgl01</td><td> 5       </td><td> 36      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotje01</td><td>17       </td><td> 89      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotji01</td><td> 5       </td><td> 34      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotku01</td><td> 6       </td><td>120      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotky01</td><td> 3       </td><td> 31      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotod01</td><td>22       </td><td> 22      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotpa01</td><td> 4       </td><td> 35      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aberal01 </td><td> 1       </td><td> 42      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abercda01</td><td> 1       </td><td>  1      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abercre01</td><td>34       </td><td>111      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernbi01</td><td> 1       </td><td>  1      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernbr01</td><td> 2       </td><td>117      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernte01</td><td> 1       </td><td>  5      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernte02</td><td> 2       </td><td> 84      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernwo01</td><td> 1       </td><td> 15      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aberscl01</td><td> 4       </td><td> 47      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ablesha01</td><td> 3       </td><td>  6      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abnersh01</td><td>16       </td><td> 97      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmejo02</td><td> 7       </td><td> 33      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmero01</td><td>27       </td><td> 27      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmery01</td><td>20       </td><td>162      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkch01 </td><td> 1       </td><td>  1      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkwa01 </td><td> 2       </td><td>  2      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinnfr01 </td><td> 2       </td><td>  2      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinngu01 </td><td> 9       </td><td>106      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinnji01 </td><td> 5       </td><td> 33      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinsebi01</td><td> 2       </td><td>  2      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinteal01</td><td>28       </td><td> 39      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zipfebu01</td><td>50       </td><td> 68      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ziskri01 </td><td> 7       </td><td>155      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zitoba01 </td><td> 3       </td><td> 35      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zitzmbi01</td><td> 2       </td><td>104      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zmiched01</td><td> 4       </td><td>  9      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zobribe01</td><td>31       </td><td>157      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoccope01</td><td>20       </td><td> 20      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoldasa01</td><td>11       </td><td> 35      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoskyed01</td><td> 4       </td><td> 18      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuberbi01</td><td> 2       </td><td> 37      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuberjo01</td><td>30       </td><td> 38      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuletju01</td><td>30       </td><td> 49      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zumayjo01</td><td>21       </td><td> 62      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuninmi01</td><td>52       </td><td>131      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zupcibo01</td><td> 4       </td><td>141      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zupofr01 </td><td> 1       </td><td> 10      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuvelpa01</td><td> 2       </td><td> 81      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuverge01</td><td> 2       </td><td> 62      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zwilldu01</td><td>27       </td><td>154      </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zychto01 </td><td>12       </td><td> 45      </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " playerID & min\\_G & max\\_G\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t aardsda01 &  1        &  73      \\\\\n",
       "\t aaronha01 & 85        & 161      \\\\\n",
       "\t aaronto01 &  8        & 141      \\\\\n",
       "\t aasedo01  &  7        &  66      \\\\\n",
       "\t abadan01  &  1        &   9      \\\\\n",
       "\t abadfe01  & 18        &  69      \\\\\n",
       "\t abadijo01 &  1        &  11      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbated01 &  3        & 154      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbeybe01 &  1        &  27      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbeych01 & 31        & 133      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotda01 &  3        &   3      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotfr01 & 41        &  77      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotgl01 &  5        &  36      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotje01 & 17        &  89      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotji01 &  5        &  34      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotku01 &  6        & 120      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotky01 &  3        &  31      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotod01 & 22        &  22      \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotpa01 &  4        &  35      \\\\\n",
       "\t aberal01  &  1        &  42      \\\\\n",
       "\t abercda01 &  1        &   1      \\\\\n",
       "\t abercre01 & 34        & 111      \\\\\n",
       "\t abernbi01 &  1        &   1      \\\\\n",
       "\t abernbr01 &  2        & 117      \\\\\n",
       "\t abernte01 &  1        &   5      \\\\\n",
       "\t abernte02 &  2        &  84      \\\\\n",
       "\t abernwo01 &  1        &  15      \\\\\n",
       "\t aberscl01 &  4        &  47      \\\\\n",
       "\t ablesha01 &  3        &   6      \\\\\n",
       "\t abnersh01 & 16        &  97      \\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t zimmejo02 &  7        &  33      \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmero01 & 27        &  27      \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmery01 & 20        & 162      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkch01  &  1        &   1      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkwa01  &  2        &   2      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinnfr01  &  2        &   2      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinngu01  &  9        & 106      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinnji01  &  5        &  33      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinsebi01 &  2        &   2      \\\\\n",
       "\t zinteal01 & 28        &  39      \\\\\n",
       "\t zipfebu01 & 50        &  68      \\\\\n",
       "\t ziskri01  &  7        & 155      \\\\\n",
       "\t zitoba01  &  3        &  35      \\\\\n",
       "\t zitzmbi01 &  2        & 104      \\\\\n",
       "\t zmiched01 &  4        &   9      \\\\\n",
       "\t zobribe01 & 31        & 157      \\\\\n",
       "\t zoccope01 & 20        &  20      \\\\\n",
       "\t zoldasa01 & 11        &  35      \\\\\n",
       "\t zoskyed01 &  4        &  18      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuberbi01 &  2        &  37      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuberjo01 & 30        &  38      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuletju01 & 30        &  49      \\\\\n",
       "\t zumayjo01 & 21        &  62      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuninmi01 & 52        & 131      \\\\\n",
       "\t zupcibo01 &  4        & 141      \\\\\n",
       "\t zupofr01  &  1        &  10      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuvelpa01 &  2        &  81      \\\\\n",
       "\t zuverge01 &  2        &  62      \\\\\n",
       "\t zwilldu01 & 27        & 154      \\\\\n",
       "\t zychto01  & 12        &  45      \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| playerID | min_G | max_G |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| aardsda01 |  1        |  73       |\n",
       "| aaronha01 | 85        | 161       |\n",
       "| aaronto01 |  8        | 141       |\n",
       "| aasedo01  |  7        |  66       |\n",
       "| abadan01  |  1        |   9       |\n",
       "| abadfe01  | 18        |  69       |\n",
       "| abadijo01 |  1        |  11       |\n",
       "| abbated01 |  3        | 154       |\n",
       "| abbeybe01 |  1        |  27       |\n",
       "| abbeych01 | 31        | 133       |\n",
       "| abbotda01 |  3        |   3       |\n",
       "| abbotfr01 | 41        |  77       |\n",
       "| abbotgl01 |  5        |  36       |\n",
       "| abbotje01 | 17        |  89       |\n",
       "| abbotji01 |  5        |  34       |\n",
       "| abbotku01 |  6        | 120       |\n",
       "| abbotky01 |  3        |  31       |\n",
       "| abbotod01 | 22        |  22       |\n",
       "| abbotpa01 |  4        |  35       |\n",
       "| aberal01  |  1        |  42       |\n",
       "| abercda01 |  1        |   1       |\n",
       "| abercre01 | 34        | 111       |\n",
       "| abernbi01 |  1        |   1       |\n",
       "| abernbr01 |  2        | 117       |\n",
       "| abernte01 |  1        |   5       |\n",
       "| abernte02 |  2        |  84       |\n",
       "| abernwo01 |  1        |  15       |\n",
       "| aberscl01 |  4        |  47       |\n",
       "| ablesha01 |  3        |   6       |\n",
       "| abnersh01 | 16        |  97       |\n",
       "| ... | ... | ... |\n",
       "| zimmejo02 |  7        |  33       |\n",
       "| zimmero01 | 27        |  27       |\n",
       "| zimmery01 | 20        | 162       |\n",
       "| zinkch01  |  1        |   1       |\n",
       "| zinkwa01  |  2        |   2       |\n",
       "| zinnfr01  |  2        |   2       |\n",
       "| zinngu01  |  9        | 106       |\n",
       "| zinnji01  |  5        |  33       |\n",
       "| zinsebi01 |  2        |   2       |\n",
       "| zinteal01 | 28        |  39       |\n",
       "| zipfebu01 | 50        |  68       |\n",
       "| ziskri01  |  7        | 155       |\n",
       "| zitoba01  |  3        |  35       |\n",
       "| zitzmbi01 |  2        | 104       |\n",
       "| zmiched01 |  4        |   9       |\n",
       "| zobribe01 | 31        | 157       |\n",
       "| zoccope01 | 20        |  20       |\n",
       "| zoldasa01 | 11        |  35       |\n",
       "| zoskyed01 |  4        |  18       |\n",
       "| zuberbi01 |  2        |  37       |\n",
       "| zuberjo01 | 30        |  38       |\n",
       "| zuletju01 | 30        |  49       |\n",
       "| zumayjo01 | 21        |  62       |\n",
       "| zuninmi01 | 52        | 131       |\n",
       "| zupcibo01 |  4        | 141       |\n",
       "| zupofr01  |  1        |  10       |\n",
       "| zuvelpa01 |  2        |  81       |\n",
       "| zuverge01 |  2        |  62       |\n",
       "| zwilldu01 | 27        | 154       |\n",
       "| zychto01  | 12        |  45       |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      playerID  min_G max_G\n",
       "1     aardsda01  1     73  \n",
       "2     aaronha01 85    161  \n",
       "3     aaronto01  8    141  \n",
       "4     aasedo01   7     66  \n",
       "5     abadan01   1      9  \n",
       "6     abadfe01  18     69  \n",
       "7     abadijo01  1     11  \n",
       "8     abbated01  3    154  \n",
       "9     abbeybe01  1     27  \n",
       "10    abbeych01 31    133  \n",
       "11    abbotda01  3      3  \n",
       "12    abbotfr01 41     77  \n",
       "13    abbotgl01  5     36  \n",
       "14    abbotje01 17     89  \n",
       "15    abbotji01  5     34  \n",
       "16    abbotku01  6    120  \n",
       "17    abbotky01  3     31  \n",
       "18    abbotod01 22     22  \n",
       "19    abbotpa01  4     35  \n",
       "20    aberal01   1     42  \n",
       "21    abercda01  1      1  \n",
       "22    abercre01 34    111  \n",
       "23    abernbi01  1      1  \n",
       "24    abernbr01  2    117  \n",
       "25    abernte01  1      5  \n",
       "26    abernte02  2     84  \n",
       "27    abernwo01  1     15  \n",
       "28    aberscl01  4     47  \n",
       "29    ablesha01  3      6  \n",
       "30    abnersh01 16     97  \n",
       "...   ...       ...   ...  \n",
       "19153 zimmejo02  7     33  \n",
       "19154 zimmero01 27     27  \n",
       "19155 zimmery01 20    162  \n",
       "19156 zinkch01   1      1  \n",
       "19157 zinkwa01   2      2  \n",
       "19158 zinnfr01   2      2  \n",
       "19159 zinngu01   9    106  \n",
       "19160 zinnji01   5     33  \n",
       "19161 zinsebi01  2      2  \n",
       "19162 zinteal01 28     39  \n",
       "19163 zipfebu01 50     68  \n",
       "19164 ziskri01   7    155  \n",
       "19165 zitoba01   3     35  \n",
       "19166 zitzmbi01  2    104  \n",
       "19167 zmiched01  4      9  \n",
       "19168 zobribe01 31    157  \n",
       "19169 zoccope01 20     20  \n",
       "19170 zoldasa01 11     35  \n",
       "19171 zoskyed01  4     18  \n",
       "19172 zuberbi01  2     37  \n",
       "19173 zuberjo01 30     38  \n",
       "19174 zuletju01 30     49  \n",
       "19175 zumayjo01 21     62  \n",
       "19176 zuninmi01 52    131  \n",
       "19177 zupcibo01  4    141  \n",
       "19178 zupofr01   1     10  \n",
       "19179 zuvelpa01  2     81  \n",
       "19180 zuverge01  2     62  \n",
       "19181 zwilldu01 27    154  \n",
       "19182 zychto01  12     45  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Min and max\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(playerID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(min_G = min(G),\n",
    "    max_G = max(G))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>playerID</th><th scope=col>number_year</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>mcguide01</td><td>31       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>henderi01</td><td>29       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>newsobo01</td><td>29       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>johnto01 </td><td>28       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>kaatji01 </td><td>28       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ansonca01</td><td>27       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>baineha01</td><td>27       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>carltst01</td><td>27       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>moyerja01</td><td>27       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ryanno01 </td><td>27       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>houghch01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>mulhote01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>niekrph01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>oroscje01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>weathda01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>wilheho01</td><td>26       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>bucknbi01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>collied01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>darwida01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>davisha01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>dempsri01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>eckerde01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>francju01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>hoytwa01 </td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>maddugr01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>morgami01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>niekrjo01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>perryga01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>reussje01</td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>rosepe01 </td><td>25       </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>yountla01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>yurakje01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zachach01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zagunma01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zalusja01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zamloca01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zapusjo01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zaratma01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zardojo01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zaskeje01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zavadcl01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zavarcl01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zawadla01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zay01    </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zeihehe01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zeisema01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zelleba01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zickbo01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zieglge01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ziemst01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ziesbi01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmebi01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmebr01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmejo01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmero01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkch01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkwa01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinnfr01 </td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinsebi01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoccope01</td><td>1        </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " playerID & number\\_year\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t mcguide01 & 31       \\\\\n",
       "\t henderi01 & 29       \\\\\n",
       "\t newsobo01 & 29       \\\\\n",
       "\t johnto01  & 28       \\\\\n",
       "\t kaatji01  & 28       \\\\\n",
       "\t ansonca01 & 27       \\\\\n",
       "\t baineha01 & 27       \\\\\n",
       "\t carltst01 & 27       \\\\\n",
       "\t moyerja01 & 27       \\\\\n",
       "\t ryanno01  & 27       \\\\\n",
       "\t houghch01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t mulhote01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t niekrph01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t oroscje01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t weathda01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t wilheho01 & 26       \\\\\n",
       "\t bucknbi01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t collied01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t darwida01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t davisha01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t dempsri01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t eckerde01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t francju01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t hoytwa01  & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t maddugr01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t morgami01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t niekrjo01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t perryga01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t reussje01 & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t rosepe01  & 25       \\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t yountla01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t yurakje01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zachach01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zagunma01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zalusja01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zamloca01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zapusjo01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zaratma01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zardojo01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zaskeje01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zavadcl01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zavarcl01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zawadla01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zay01     & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zeihehe01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zeisema01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zelleba01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zickbo01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zieglge01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t ziemst01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t ziesbi01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmebi01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmebr01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmejo01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmero01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkch01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkwa01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zinnfr01  & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zinsebi01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\t zoccope01 & 1        \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| playerID | number_year |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| mcguide01 | 31        |\n",
       "| henderi01 | 29        |\n",
       "| newsobo01 | 29        |\n",
       "| johnto01  | 28        |\n",
       "| kaatji01  | 28        |\n",
       "| ansonca01 | 27        |\n",
       "| baineha01 | 27        |\n",
       "| carltst01 | 27        |\n",
       "| moyerja01 | 27        |\n",
       "| ryanno01  | 27        |\n",
       "| houghch01 | 26        |\n",
       "| mulhote01 | 26        |\n",
       "| niekrph01 | 26        |\n",
       "| oroscje01 | 26        |\n",
       "| weathda01 | 26        |\n",
       "| wilheho01 | 26        |\n",
       "| bucknbi01 | 25        |\n",
       "| collied01 | 25        |\n",
       "| darwida01 | 25        |\n",
       "| davisha01 | 25        |\n",
       "| dempsri01 | 25        |\n",
       "| eckerde01 | 25        |\n",
       "| francju01 | 25        |\n",
       "| hoytwa01  | 25        |\n",
       "| maddugr01 | 25        |\n",
       "| morgami01 | 25        |\n",
       "| niekrjo01 | 25        |\n",
       "| perryga01 | 25        |\n",
       "| reussje01 | 25        |\n",
       "| rosepe01  | 25        |\n",
       "| ... | ... |\n",
       "| yountla01 | 1         |\n",
       "| yurakje01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zachach01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zagunma01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zalusja01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zamloca01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zapusjo01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zaratma01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zardojo01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zaskeje01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zavadcl01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zavarcl01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zawadla01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zay01     | 1         |\n",
       "| zeihehe01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zeisema01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zelleba01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zickbo01  | 1         |\n",
       "| zieglge01 | 1         |\n",
       "| ziemst01  | 1         |\n",
       "| ziesbi01  | 1         |\n",
       "| zimmebi01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zimmebr01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zimmejo01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zimmero01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zinkch01  | 1         |\n",
       "| zinkwa01  | 1         |\n",
       "| zinnfr01  | 1         |\n",
       "| zinsebi01 | 1         |\n",
       "| zoccope01 | 1         |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      playerID  number_year\n",
       "1     mcguide01 31         \n",
       "2     henderi01 29         \n",
       "3     newsobo01 29         \n",
       "4     johnto01  28         \n",
       "5     kaatji01  28         \n",
       "6     ansonca01 27         \n",
       "7     baineha01 27         \n",
       "8     carltst01 27         \n",
       "9     moyerja01 27         \n",
       "10    ryanno01  27         \n",
       "11    houghch01 26         \n",
       "12    mulhote01 26         \n",
       "13    niekrph01 26         \n",
       "14    oroscje01 26         \n",
       "15    weathda01 26         \n",
       "16    wilheho01 26         \n",
       "17    bucknbi01 25         \n",
       "18    collied01 25         \n",
       "19    darwida01 25         \n",
       "20    davisha01 25         \n",
       "21    dempsri01 25         \n",
       "22    eckerde01 25         \n",
       "23    francju01 25         \n",
       "24    hoytwa01  25         \n",
       "25    maddugr01 25         \n",
       "26    morgami01 25         \n",
       "27    niekrjo01 25         \n",
       "28    perryga01 25         \n",
       "29    reussje01 25         \n",
       "30    rosepe01  25         \n",
       "...   ...       ...        \n",
       "19153 yountla01 1          \n",
       "19154 yurakje01 1          \n",
       "19155 zachach01 1          \n",
       "19156 zagunma01 1          \n",
       "19157 zalusja01 1          \n",
       "19158 zamloca01 1          \n",
       "19159 zapusjo01 1          \n",
       "19160 zaratma01 1          \n",
       "19161 zardojo01 1          \n",
       "19162 zaskeje01 1          \n",
       "19163 zavadcl01 1          \n",
       "19164 zavarcl01 1          \n",
       "19165 zawadla01 1          \n",
       "19166 zay01     1          \n",
       "19167 zeihehe01 1          \n",
       "19168 zeisema01 1          \n",
       "19169 zelleba01 1          \n",
       "19170 zickbo01  1          \n",
       "19171 zieglge01 1          \n",
       "19172 ziemst01  1          \n",
       "19173 ziesbi01  1          \n",
       "19174 zimmebi01 1          \n",
       "19175 zimmebr01 1          \n",
       "19176 zimmejo01 1          \n",
       "19177 zimmero01 1          \n",
       "19178 zinkch01  1          \n",
       "19179 zinkwa01  1          \n",
       "19180 zinnfr01  1          \n",
       "19181 zinsebi01 1          \n",
       "19182 zoccope01 1          "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# count observations\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(playerID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(number_year = n()) %>%\n",
    "arrange(desc(number_year))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>playerID</th><th scope=col>first_appearance</th><th scope=col>last_appearance</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aardsda01</td><td>2004     </td><td>2015     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aaronha01</td><td>1954     </td><td>1976     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aaronto01</td><td>1962     </td><td>1971     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aasedo01 </td><td>1977     </td><td>1990     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadan01 </td><td>2001     </td><td>2006     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadfe01 </td><td>2010     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abadijo01</td><td>1875     </td><td>1875     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbated01</td><td>1897     </td><td>1910     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbeybe01</td><td>1892     </td><td>1896     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbeych01</td><td>1893     </td><td>1897     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotda01</td><td>1890     </td><td>1890     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotfr01</td><td>1903     </td><td>1905     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotgl01</td><td>1973     </td><td>1984     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotje01</td><td>1997     </td><td>2001     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotji01</td><td>1989     </td><td>1999     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotku01</td><td>1993     </td><td>2001     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotky01</td><td>1991     </td><td>1996     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotod01</td><td>1910     </td><td>1910     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abbotpa01</td><td>1990     </td><td>2004     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aberal01 </td><td>1950     </td><td>1957     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abercda01</td><td>1871     </td><td>1871     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abercre01</td><td>2006     </td><td>2008     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernbi01</td><td>1952     </td><td>1952     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernbr01</td><td>2001     </td><td>2005     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernte01</td><td>1942     </td><td>1944     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernte02</td><td>1955     </td><td>1972     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abernwo01</td><td>1946     </td><td>1947     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>aberscl01</td><td>1947     </td><td>1949     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ablesha01</td><td>1905     </td><td>1911     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>abnersh01</td><td>1987     </td><td>1992     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmejo02</td><td>2009     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmero01</td><td>1945     </td><td>1945     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zimmery01</td><td>2005     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkch01 </td><td>2008     </td><td>2008     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinkwa01 </td><td>1921     </td><td>1921     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinnfr01 </td><td>1888     </td><td>1888     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinngu01 </td><td>1911     </td><td>1915     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinnji01 </td><td>1919     </td><td>1929     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinsebi01</td><td>1944     </td><td>1944     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zinteal01</td><td>2002     </td><td>2004     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zipfebu01</td><td>1961     </td><td>1962     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ziskri01 </td><td>1971     </td><td>1983     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zitoba01 </td><td>2000     </td><td>2015     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zitzmbi01</td><td>1919     </td><td>1929     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zmiched01</td><td>1910     </td><td>1911     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zobribe01</td><td>2006     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoccope01</td><td>2003     </td><td>2003     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoldasa01</td><td>1944     </td><td>1952     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zoskyed01</td><td>1991     </td><td>2000     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuberbi01</td><td>1936     </td><td>1947     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuberjo01</td><td>1996     </td><td>1998     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuletju01</td><td>2000     </td><td>2001     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zumayjo01</td><td>2006     </td><td>2010     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuninmi01</td><td>2013     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zupcibo01</td><td>1991     </td><td>1994     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zupofr01 </td><td>1957     </td><td>1961     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuvelpa01</td><td>1982     </td><td>1991     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zuverge01</td><td>1951     </td><td>1959     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zwilldu01</td><td>1910     </td><td>1916     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>zychto01 </td><td>2015     </td><td>2017     </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " playerID & first\\_appearance & last\\_appearance\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t aardsda01 & 2004      & 2015     \\\\\n",
       "\t aaronha01 & 1954      & 1976     \\\\\n",
       "\t aaronto01 & 1962      & 1971     \\\\\n",
       "\t aasedo01  & 1977      & 1990     \\\\\n",
       "\t abadan01  & 2001      & 2006     \\\\\n",
       "\t abadfe01  & 2010      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\t abadijo01 & 1875      & 1875     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbated01 & 1897      & 1910     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbeybe01 & 1892      & 1896     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbeych01 & 1893      & 1897     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotda01 & 1890      & 1890     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotfr01 & 1903      & 1905     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotgl01 & 1973      & 1984     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotje01 & 1997      & 2001     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotji01 & 1989      & 1999     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotku01 & 1993      & 2001     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotky01 & 1991      & 1996     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotod01 & 1910      & 1910     \\\\\n",
       "\t abbotpa01 & 1990      & 2004     \\\\\n",
       "\t aberal01  & 1950      & 1957     \\\\\n",
       "\t abercda01 & 1871      & 1871     \\\\\n",
       "\t abercre01 & 2006      & 2008     \\\\\n",
       "\t abernbi01 & 1952      & 1952     \\\\\n",
       "\t abernbr01 & 2001      & 2005     \\\\\n",
       "\t abernte01 & 1942      & 1944     \\\\\n",
       "\t abernte02 & 1955      & 1972     \\\\\n",
       "\t abernwo01 & 1946      & 1947     \\\\\n",
       "\t aberscl01 & 1947      & 1949     \\\\\n",
       "\t ablesha01 & 1905      & 1911     \\\\\n",
       "\t abnersh01 & 1987      & 1992     \\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t zimmejo02 & 2009      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmero01 & 1945      & 1945     \\\\\n",
       "\t zimmery01 & 2005      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkch01  & 2008      & 2008     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinkwa01  & 1921      & 1921     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinnfr01  & 1888      & 1888     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinngu01  & 1911      & 1915     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinnji01  & 1919      & 1929     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinsebi01 & 1944      & 1944     \\\\\n",
       "\t zinteal01 & 2002      & 2004     \\\\\n",
       "\t zipfebu01 & 1961      & 1962     \\\\\n",
       "\t ziskri01  & 1971      & 1983     \\\\\n",
       "\t zitoba01  & 2000      & 2015     \\\\\n",
       "\t zitzmbi01 & 1919      & 1929     \\\\\n",
       "\t zmiched01 & 1910      & 1911     \\\\\n",
       "\t zobribe01 & 2006      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\t zoccope01 & 2003      & 2003     \\\\\n",
       "\t zoldasa01 & 1944      & 1952     \\\\\n",
       "\t zoskyed01 & 1991      & 2000     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuberbi01 & 1936      & 1947     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuberjo01 & 1996      & 1998     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuletju01 & 2000      & 2001     \\\\\n",
       "\t zumayjo01 & 2006      & 2010     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuninmi01 & 2013      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\t zupcibo01 & 1991      & 1994     \\\\\n",
       "\t zupofr01  & 1957      & 1961     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuvelpa01 & 1982      & 1991     \\\\\n",
       "\t zuverge01 & 1951      & 1959     \\\\\n",
       "\t zwilldu01 & 1910      & 1916     \\\\\n",
       "\t zychto01  & 2015      & 2017     \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| playerID | first_appearance | last_appearance |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| aardsda01 | 2004      | 2015      |\n",
       "| aaronha01 | 1954      | 1976      |\n",
       "| aaronto01 | 1962      | 1971      |\n",
       "| aasedo01  | 1977      | 1990      |\n",
       "| abadan01  | 2001      | 2006      |\n",
       "| abadfe01  | 2010      | 2017      |\n",
       "| abadijo01 | 1875      | 1875      |\n",
       "| abbated01 | 1897      | 1910      |\n",
       "| abbeybe01 | 1892      | 1896      |\n",
       "| abbeych01 | 1893      | 1897      |\n",
       "| abbotda01 | 1890      | 1890      |\n",
       "| abbotfr01 | 1903      | 1905      |\n",
       "| abbotgl01 | 1973      | 1984      |\n",
       "| abbotje01 | 1997      | 2001      |\n",
       "| abbotji01 | 1989      | 1999      |\n",
       "| abbotku01 | 1993      | 2001      |\n",
       "| abbotky01 | 1991      | 1996      |\n",
       "| abbotod01 | 1910      | 1910      |\n",
       "| abbotpa01 | 1990      | 2004      |\n",
       "| aberal01  | 1950      | 1957      |\n",
       "| abercda01 | 1871      | 1871      |\n",
       "| abercre01 | 2006      | 2008      |\n",
       "| abernbi01 | 1952      | 1952      |\n",
       "| abernbr01 | 2001      | 2005      |\n",
       "| abernte01 | 1942      | 1944      |\n",
       "| abernte02 | 1955      | 1972      |\n",
       "| abernwo01 | 1946      | 1947      |\n",
       "| aberscl01 | 1947      | 1949      |\n",
       "| ablesha01 | 1905      | 1911      |\n",
       "| abnersh01 | 1987      | 1992      |\n",
       "| ... | ... | ... |\n",
       "| zimmejo02 | 2009      | 2017      |\n",
       "| zimmero01 | 1945      | 1945      |\n",
       "| zimmery01 | 2005      | 2017      |\n",
       "| zinkch01  | 2008      | 2008      |\n",
       "| zinkwa01  | 1921      | 1921      |\n",
       "| zinnfr01  | 1888      | 1888      |\n",
       "| zinngu01  | 1911      | 1915      |\n",
       "| zinnji01  | 1919      | 1929      |\n",
       "| zinsebi01 | 1944      | 1944      |\n",
       "| zinteal01 | 2002      | 2004      |\n",
       "| zipfebu01 | 1961      | 1962      |\n",
       "| ziskri01  | 1971      | 1983      |\n",
       "| zitoba01  | 2000      | 2015      |\n",
       "| zitzmbi01 | 1919      | 1929      |\n",
       "| zmiched01 | 1910      | 1911      |\n",
       "| zobribe01 | 2006      | 2017      |\n",
       "| zoccope01 | 2003      | 2003      |\n",
       "| zoldasa01 | 1944      | 1952      |\n",
       "| zoskyed01 | 1991      | 2000      |\n",
       "| zuberbi01 | 1936      | 1947      |\n",
       "| zuberjo01 | 1996      | 1998      |\n",
       "| zuletju01 | 2000      | 2001      |\n",
       "| zumayjo01 | 2006      | 2010      |\n",
       "| zuninmi01 | 2013      | 2017      |\n",
       "| zupcibo01 | 1991      | 1994      |\n",
       "| zupofr01  | 1957      | 1961      |\n",
       "| zuvelpa01 | 1982      | 1991      |\n",
       "| zuverge01 | 1951      | 1959      |\n",
       "| zwilldu01 | 1910      | 1916      |\n",
       "| zychto01  | 2015      | 2017      |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      playerID  first_appearance last_appearance\n",
       "1     aardsda01 2004             2015           \n",
       "2     aaronha01 1954             1976           \n",
       "3     aaronto01 1962             1971           \n",
       "4     aasedo01  1977             1990           \n",
       "5     abadan01  2001             2006           \n",
       "6     abadfe01  2010             2017           \n",
       "7     abadijo01 1875             1875           \n",
       "8     abbated01 1897             1910           \n",
       "9     abbeybe01 1892             1896           \n",
       "10    abbeych01 1893             1897           \n",
       "11    abbotda01 1890             1890           \n",
       "12    abbotfr01 1903             1905           \n",
       "13    abbotgl01 1973             1984           \n",
       "14    abbotje01 1997             2001           \n",
       "15    abbotji01 1989             1999           \n",
       "16    abbotku01 1993             2001           \n",
       "17    abbotky01 1991             1996           \n",
       "18    abbotod01 1910             1910           \n",
       "19    abbotpa01 1990             2004           \n",
       "20    aberal01  1950             1957           \n",
       "21    abercda01 1871             1871           \n",
       "22    abercre01 2006             2008           \n",
       "23    abernbi01 1952             1952           \n",
       "24    abernbr01 2001             2005           \n",
       "25    abernte01 1942             1944           \n",
       "26    abernte02 1955             1972           \n",
       "27    abernwo01 1946             1947           \n",
       "28    aberscl01 1947             1949           \n",
       "29    ablesha01 1905             1911           \n",
       "30    abnersh01 1987             1992           \n",
       "...   ...       ...              ...            \n",
       "19153 zimmejo02 2009             2017           \n",
       "19154 zimmero01 1945             1945           \n",
       "19155 zimmery01 2005             2017           \n",
       "19156 zinkch01  2008             2008           \n",
       "19157 zinkwa01  1921             1921           \n",
       "19158 zinnfr01  1888             1888           \n",
       "19159 zinngu01  1911             1915           \n",
       "19160 zinnji01  1919             1929           \n",
       "19161 zinsebi01 1944             1944           \n",
       "19162 zinteal01 2002             2004           \n",
       "19163 zipfebu01 1961             1962           \n",
       "19164 ziskri01  1971             1983           \n",
       "19165 zitoba01  2000             2015           \n",
       "19166 zitzmbi01 1919             1929           \n",
       "19167 zmiched01 1910             1911           \n",
       "19168 zobribe01 2006             2017           \n",
       "19169 zoccope01 2003             2003           \n",
       "19170 zoldasa01 1944             1952           \n",
       "19171 zoskyed01 1991             2000           \n",
       "19172 zuberbi01 1936             1947           \n",
       "19173 zuberjo01 1996             1998           \n",
       "19174 zuletju01 2000             2001           \n",
       "19175 zumayjo01 2006             2010           \n",
       "19176 zuninmi01 2013             2017           \n",
       "19177 zupcibo01 1991             1994           \n",
       "19178 zupofr01  1957             1961           \n",
       "19179 zuvelpa01 1982             1991           \n",
       "19180 zuverge01 1951             1959           \n",
       "19181 zwilldu01 1910             1916           \n",
       "19182 zychto01  2015             2017           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# first and last\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(playerID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(first_appearance = first(yearID),\n",
    "last_appearance = last(yearID))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>second_game</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BS1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CH1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CL1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>FW1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NY2 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PH1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>RC1 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TRO </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS3 </td><td>1871</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL1 </td><td>1872</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR1 </td><td>1872</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BR2 </td><td>1872</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MID </td><td>1872</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS4 </td><td>1872</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL4 </td><td>1873</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ELI </td><td>1873</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PH2 </td><td>1873</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS5 </td><td>1873</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CH2 </td><td>1874</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>HR1 </td><td>1874</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KEO </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NH1 </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PH3 </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL1 </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL2 </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS6 </td><td>1875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSN </td><td>1876</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CHN </td><td>1876</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CN1 </td><td>1876</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>HAR </td><td>1876</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLF </td><td>1914</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NEW </td><td>1915</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ML1 </td><td>1953</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BAL </td><td>1954</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KC1 </td><td>1955</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>LAN </td><td>1958</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SFN </td><td>1958</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>LAA </td><td>1961</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MIN </td><td>1961</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS2 </td><td>1961</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>HOU </td><td>1962</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NYN </td><td>1962</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CAL </td><td>1965</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ATL </td><td>1966</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>OAK </td><td>1968</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KCA </td><td>1969</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MON </td><td>1969</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SDN </td><td>1969</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SE1 </td><td>1969</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ML4 </td><td>1970</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TEX </td><td>1972</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SEA </td><td>1977</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TOR </td><td>1977</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>COL </td><td>1993</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>FLO </td><td>1993</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ANA </td><td>1997</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ARI </td><td>1998</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MIL </td><td>1998</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TBA </td><td>1998</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MIA </td><td>2012</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " teamID & second\\_game\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t BS1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t CH1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t CL1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t FW1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t NY2  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t PH1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t RC1  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t TRO  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t WS3  & 1871\\\\\n",
       "\t BL1  & 1872\\\\\n",
       "\t BR1  & 1872\\\\\n",
       "\t BR2  & 1872\\\\\n",
       "\t MID  & 1872\\\\\n",
       "\t WS4  & 1872\\\\\n",
       "\t BL4  & 1873\\\\\n",
       "\t ELI  & 1873\\\\\n",
       "\t PH2  & 1873\\\\\n",
       "\t WS5  & 1873\\\\\n",
       "\t CH2  & 1874\\\\\n",
       "\t HR1  & 1874\\\\\n",
       "\t KEO  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t NH1  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t PH3  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t SL1  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t SL2  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t WS6  & 1875\\\\\n",
       "\t BSN  & 1876\\\\\n",
       "\t CHN  & 1876\\\\\n",
       "\t CN1  & 1876\\\\\n",
       "\t HAR  & 1876\\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t SLF  & 1914\\\\\n",
       "\t NEW  & 1915\\\\\n",
       "\t ML1  & 1953\\\\\n",
       "\t BAL  & 1954\\\\\n",
       "\t KC1  & 1955\\\\\n",
       "\t LAN  & 1958\\\\\n",
       "\t SFN  & 1958\\\\\n",
       "\t LAA  & 1961\\\\\n",
       "\t MIN  & 1961\\\\\n",
       "\t WS2  & 1961\\\\\n",
       "\t HOU  & 1962\\\\\n",
       "\t NYN  & 1962\\\\\n",
       "\t CAL  & 1965\\\\\n",
       "\t ATL  & 1966\\\\\n",
       "\t OAK  & 1968\\\\\n",
       "\t KCA  & 1969\\\\\n",
       "\t MON  & 1969\\\\\n",
       "\t SDN  & 1969\\\\\n",
       "\t SE1  & 1969\\\\\n",
       "\t ML4  & 1970\\\\\n",
       "\t TEX  & 1972\\\\\n",
       "\t SEA  & 1977\\\\\n",
       "\t TOR  & 1977\\\\\n",
       "\t COL  & 1993\\\\\n",
       "\t FLO  & 1993\\\\\n",
       "\t ANA  & 1997\\\\\n",
       "\t ARI  & 1998\\\\\n",
       "\t MIL  & 1998\\\\\n",
       "\t TBA  & 1998\\\\\n",
       "\t MIA  & 2012\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| teamID | second_game |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| BS1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| CH1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| CL1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| FW1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| NY2  | 1871 |\n",
       "| PH1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| RC1  | 1871 |\n",
       "| TRO  | 1871 |\n",
       "| WS3  | 1871 |\n",
       "| BL1  | 1872 |\n",
       "| BR1  | 1872 |\n",
       "| BR2  | 1872 |\n",
       "| MID  | 1872 |\n",
       "| WS4  | 1872 |\n",
       "| BL4  | 1873 |\n",
       "| ELI  | 1873 |\n",
       "| PH2  | 1873 |\n",
       "| WS5  | 1873 |\n",
       "| CH2  | 1874 |\n",
       "| HR1  | 1874 |\n",
       "| KEO  | 1875 |\n",
       "| NH1  | 1875 |\n",
       "| PH3  | 1875 |\n",
       "| SL1  | 1875 |\n",
       "| SL2  | 1875 |\n",
       "| WS6  | 1875 |\n",
       "| BSN  | 1876 |\n",
       "| CHN  | 1876 |\n",
       "| CN1  | 1876 |\n",
       "| HAR  | 1876 |\n",
       "| ... | ... |\n",
       "| SLF  | 1914 |\n",
       "| NEW  | 1915 |\n",
       "| ML1  | 1953 |\n",
       "| BAL  | 1954 |\n",
       "| KC1  | 1955 |\n",
       "| LAN  | 1958 |\n",
       "| SFN  | 1958 |\n",
       "| LAA  | 1961 |\n",
       "| MIN  | 1961 |\n",
       "| WS2  | 1961 |\n",
       "| HOU  | 1962 |\n",
       "| NYN  | 1962 |\n",
       "| CAL  | 1965 |\n",
       "| ATL  | 1966 |\n",
       "| OAK  | 1968 |\n",
       "| KCA  | 1969 |\n",
       "| MON  | 1969 |\n",
       "| SDN  | 1969 |\n",
       "| SE1  | 1969 |\n",
       "| ML4  | 1970 |\n",
       "| TEX  | 1972 |\n",
       "| SEA  | 1977 |\n",
       "| TOR  | 1977 |\n",
       "| COL  | 1993 |\n",
       "| FLO  | 1993 |\n",
       "| ANA  | 1997 |\n",
       "| ARI  | 1998 |\n",
       "| MIL  | 1998 |\n",
       "| TBA  | 1998 |\n",
       "| MIA  | 2012 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    teamID second_game\n",
       "1   BS1    1871       \n",
       "2   CH1    1871       \n",
       "3   CL1    1871       \n",
       "4   FW1    1871       \n",
       "5   NY2    1871       \n",
       "6   PH1    1871       \n",
       "7   RC1    1871       \n",
       "8   TRO    1871       \n",
       "9   WS3    1871       \n",
       "10  BL1    1872       \n",
       "11  BR1    1872       \n",
       "12  BR2    1872       \n",
       "13  MID    1872       \n",
       "14  WS4    1872       \n",
       "15  BL4    1873       \n",
       "16  ELI    1873       \n",
       "17  PH2    1873       \n",
       "18  WS5    1873       \n",
       "19  CH2    1874       \n",
       "20  HR1    1874       \n",
       "21  KEO    1875       \n",
       "22  NH1    1875       \n",
       "23  PH3    1875       \n",
       "24  SL1    1875       \n",
       "25  SL2    1875       \n",
       "26  WS6    1875       \n",
       "27  BSN    1876       \n",
       "28  CHN    1876       \n",
       "29  CN1    1876       \n",
       "30  HAR    1876       \n",
       "... ...    ...        \n",
       "120 SLF    1914       \n",
       "121 NEW    1915       \n",
       "122 ML1    1953       \n",
       "123 BAL    1954       \n",
       "124 KC1    1955       \n",
       "125 LAN    1958       \n",
       "126 SFN    1958       \n",
       "127 LAA    1961       \n",
       "128 MIN    1961       \n",
       "129 WS2    1961       \n",
       "130 HOU    1962       \n",
       "131 NYN    1962       \n",
       "132 CAL    1965       \n",
       "133 ATL    1966       \n",
       "134 OAK    1968       \n",
       "135 KCA    1969       \n",
       "136 MON    1969       \n",
       "137 SDN    1969       \n",
       "138 SE1    1969       \n",
       "139 ML4    1970       \n",
       "140 TEX    1972       \n",
       "141 SEA    1977       \n",
       "142 TOR    1977       \n",
       "143 COL    1993       \n",
       "144 FLO    1993       \n",
       "145 ANA    1997       \n",
       "146 ARI    1998       \n",
       "147 MIL    1998       \n",
       "148 TBA    1998       \n",
       "149 MIA    2012       "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# nth observation\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(teamID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(second_game = nth(yearID, 2)) %>%\n",
    "arrange(second_game)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>number_player</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CHN </td><td>2051</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PHI </td><td>2036</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLN </td><td>1971</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CIN </td><td>1912</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PIT </td><td>1877</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CLE </td><td>1855</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BOS </td><td>1783</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CHA </td><td>1744</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>DET </td><td>1658</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NYA </td><td>1658</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BAL </td><td>1046</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NYN </td><td>1043</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSN </td><td> 978</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SDN </td><td> 977</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>OAK </td><td> 924</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TEX </td><td> 922</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>LAN </td><td> 919</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NY1 </td><td> 894</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SFN </td><td> 889</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>HOU </td><td> 885</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ATL </td><td> 876</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BRO </td><td> 875</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS1 </td><td> 870</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KCA </td><td> 857</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MIN </td><td> 809</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SEA </td><td> 799</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PHA </td><td> 783</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SLA </td><td> 764</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>TOR </td><td> 745</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MON </td><td> 620</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WIL</td><td>20 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BL4</td><td>19 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CL1</td><td>19 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>RIC</td><td>19 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS6</td><td>19 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ALT</td><td>18 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BSP</td><td>18 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>FW1</td><td>18 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SR1</td><td>18 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>BRP</td><td>17 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KCN</td><td>17 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>NYP</td><td>17 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PTP</td><td>17 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CHP</td><td>16 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ELI</td><td>16 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ML3</td><td>16 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PHP</td><td>16 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>ML2</td><td>15 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS5</td><td>15 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>WS4</td><td>14 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>IN1</td><td>13 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL2</td><td>13 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MID</td><td>12 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>MLU</td><td>12 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>PH3</td><td>12 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SL1</td><td>12 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>CH1</td><td>11 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>KEO</td><td>11 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>RC1</td><td>11 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>SPU</td><td>11 </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " teamID & number\\_player\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t CHN  & 2051\\\\\n",
       "\t PHI  & 2036\\\\\n",
       "\t SLN  & 1971\\\\\n",
       "\t CIN  & 1912\\\\\n",
       "\t PIT  & 1877\\\\\n",
       "\t CLE  & 1855\\\\\n",
       "\t BOS  & 1783\\\\\n",
       "\t CHA  & 1744\\\\\n",
       "\t DET  & 1658\\\\\n",
       "\t NYA  & 1658\\\\\n",
       "\t BAL  & 1046\\\\\n",
       "\t NYN  & 1043\\\\\n",
       "\t BSN  &  978\\\\\n",
       "\t SDN  &  977\\\\\n",
       "\t OAK  &  924\\\\\n",
       "\t TEX  &  922\\\\\n",
       "\t LAN  &  919\\\\\n",
       "\t NY1  &  894\\\\\n",
       "\t SFN  &  889\\\\\n",
       "\t HOU  &  885\\\\\n",
       "\t ATL  &  876\\\\\n",
       "\t BRO  &  875\\\\\n",
       "\t WS1  &  870\\\\\n",
       "\t KCA  &  857\\\\\n",
       "\t MIN  &  809\\\\\n",
       "\t SEA  &  799\\\\\n",
       "\t PHA  &  783\\\\\n",
       "\t SLA  &  764\\\\\n",
       "\t TOR  &  745\\\\\n",
       "\t MON  &  620\\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t WIL & 20 \\\\\n",
       "\t BL4 & 19 \\\\\n",
       "\t CL1 & 19 \\\\\n",
       "\t RIC & 19 \\\\\n",
       "\t WS6 & 19 \\\\\n",
       "\t ALT & 18 \\\\\n",
       "\t BSP & 18 \\\\\n",
       "\t FW1 & 18 \\\\\n",
       "\t SR1 & 18 \\\\\n",
       "\t BRP & 17 \\\\\n",
       "\t KCN & 17 \\\\\n",
       "\t NYP & 17 \\\\\n",
       "\t PTP & 17 \\\\\n",
       "\t CHP & 16 \\\\\n",
       "\t ELI & 16 \\\\\n",
       "\t ML3 & 16 \\\\\n",
       "\t PHP & 16 \\\\\n",
       "\t ML2 & 15 \\\\\n",
       "\t WS5 & 15 \\\\\n",
       "\t WS4 & 14 \\\\\n",
       "\t IN1 & 13 \\\\\n",
       "\t SL2 & 13 \\\\\n",
       "\t MID & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\t MLU & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\t PH3 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\t SL1 & 12 \\\\\n",
       "\t CH1 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t KEO & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t RC1 & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\t SPU & 11 \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| teamID | number_player |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| CHN  | 2051 |\n",
       "| PHI  | 2036 |\n",
       "| SLN  | 1971 |\n",
       "| CIN  | 1912 |\n",
       "| PIT  | 1877 |\n",
       "| CLE  | 1855 |\n",
       "| BOS  | 1783 |\n",
       "| CHA  | 1744 |\n",
       "| DET  | 1658 |\n",
       "| NYA  | 1658 |\n",
       "| BAL  | 1046 |\n",
       "| NYN  | 1043 |\n",
       "| BSN  |  978 |\n",
       "| SDN  |  977 |\n",
       "| OAK  |  924 |\n",
       "| TEX  |  922 |\n",
       "| LAN  |  919 |\n",
       "| NY1  |  894 |\n",
       "| SFN  |  889 |\n",
       "| HOU  |  885 |\n",
       "| ATL  |  876 |\n",
       "| BRO  |  875 |\n",
       "| WS1  |  870 |\n",
       "| KCA  |  857 |\n",
       "| MIN  |  809 |\n",
       "| SEA  |  799 |\n",
       "| PHA  |  783 |\n",
       "| SLA  |  764 |\n",
       "| TOR  |  745 |\n",
       "| MON  |  620 |\n",
       "| ... | ... |\n",
       "| WIL | 20  |\n",
       "| BL4 | 19  |\n",
       "| CL1 | 19  |\n",
       "| RIC | 19  |\n",
       "| WS6 | 19  |\n",
       "| ALT | 18  |\n",
       "| BSP | 18  |\n",
       "| FW1 | 18  |\n",
       "| SR1 | 18  |\n",
       "| BRP | 17  |\n",
       "| KCN | 17  |\n",
       "| NYP | 17  |\n",
       "| PTP | 17  |\n",
       "| CHP | 16  |\n",
       "| ELI | 16  |\n",
       "| ML3 | 16  |\n",
       "| PHP | 16  |\n",
       "| ML2 | 15  |\n",
       "| WS5 | 15  |\n",
       "| WS4 | 14  |\n",
       "| IN1 | 13  |\n",
       "| SL2 | 13  |\n",
       "| MID | 12  |\n",
       "| MLU | 12  |\n",
       "| PH3 | 12  |\n",
       "| SL1 | 12  |\n",
       "| CH1 | 11  |\n",
       "| KEO | 11  |\n",
       "| RC1 | 11  |\n",
       "| SPU | 11  |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    teamID number_player\n",
       "1   CHN    2051         \n",
       "2   PHI    2036         \n",
       "3   SLN    1971         \n",
       "4   CIN    1912         \n",
       "5   PIT    1877         \n",
       "6   CLE    1855         \n",
       "7   BOS    1783         \n",
       "8   CHA    1744         \n",
       "9   DET    1658         \n",
       "10  NYA    1658         \n",
       "11  BAL    1046         \n",
       "12  NYN    1043         \n",
       "13  BSN     978         \n",
       "14  SDN     977         \n",
       "15  OAK     924         \n",
       "16  TEX     922         \n",
       "17  LAN     919         \n",
       "18  NY1     894         \n",
       "19  SFN     889         \n",
       "20  HOU     885         \n",
       "21  ATL     876         \n",
       "22  BRO     875         \n",
       "23  WS1     870         \n",
       "24  KCA     857         \n",
       "25  MIN     809         \n",
       "26  SEA     799         \n",
       "27  PHA     783         \n",
       "28  SLA     764         \n",
       "29  TOR     745         \n",
       "30  MON     620         \n",
       "... ...    ...          \n",
       "120 WIL    20           \n",
       "121 BL4    19           \n",
       "122 CL1    19           \n",
       "123 RIC    19           \n",
       "124 WS6    19           \n",
       "125 ALT    18           \n",
       "126 BSP    18           \n",
       "127 FW1    18           \n",
       "128 SR1    18           \n",
       "129 BRP    17           \n",
       "130 KCN    17           \n",
       "131 NYP    17           \n",
       "132 PTP    17           \n",
       "133 CHP    16           \n",
       "134 ELI    16           \n",
       "135 ML3    16           \n",
       "136 PHP    16           \n",
       "137 ML2    15           \n",
       "138 WS5    15           \n",
       "139 WS4    14           \n",
       "140 IN1    13           \n",
       "141 SL2    13           \n",
       "142 MID    12           \n",
       "143 MLU    12           \n",
       "144 PH3    12           \n",
       "145 SL1    12           \n",
       "146 CH1    11           \n",
       "147 KEO    11           \n",
       "148 RC1    11           \n",
       "149 SPU    11           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# distinct values\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(teamID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(number_player = n_distinct(playerID)) %>%\n",
    "arrange(desc(number_player))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>teamID</th><th scope=col>mean_games</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1884     </td><td>WSU      </td><td>19.784314</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1891     </td><td>WS9      </td><td>33.710526</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1886     </td><td>WS8      </td><td>29.918919</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1887     </td><td>WS8      </td><td>54.571429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1888     </td><td>WS8      </td><td>47.269231</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1889     </td><td>WS8      </td><td>40.206897</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1884     </td><td>WS7      </td><td>22.880000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1875     </td><td>WS6      </td><td>13.368421</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1873     </td><td>WS5      </td><td>23.400000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1872     </td><td>WS4      </td><td> 7.071429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1871     </td><td>WS3      </td><td>19.333333</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1872     </td><td>WS3      </td><td> 6.307692</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1961     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>47.809524</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1962     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>59.444444</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1963     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>48.697674</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1964     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>58.108108</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1965     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>56.525000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1966     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>51.119048</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1967     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>60.555556</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1968     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>55.000000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1969     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>61.972222</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1970     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>55.825000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1971     </td><td>WS2      </td><td>55.179487</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1901     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>67.736842</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1902     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>63.950000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1903     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>59.590909</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1904     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>54.185185</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1905     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>54.851852</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1906     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>52.571429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1907     </td><td>WS1      </td><td>43.833333</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2017    </td><td>ATL     </td><td>48.42857</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1998    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>47.34783</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1999    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>50.51163</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2000    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>52.97619</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2001    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>50.44681</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2002    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>55.52381</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2003    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>53.95349</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2004    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>44.13462</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2005    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>55.11628</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2006    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>50.71111</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2007    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>49.04255</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2008    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>55.60976</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2009    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>51.13333</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2010    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>47.31250</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2011    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>43.70588</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2012    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>45.16327</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>53.38636</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2014    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>43.73077</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2015    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>47.86000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2016    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>47.98000</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2017    </td><td>ARI     </td><td>52.44444</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1997    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>51.65116</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1998    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>51.26667</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1999    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>49.51111</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2000    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>50.48889</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2001    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>58.36842</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2002    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>57.67500</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2003    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>53.16279</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2004    </td><td>ANA     </td><td>58.34211</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1884    </td><td>ALT     </td><td>12.55556</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " yearID & teamID & mean\\_games\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 1884      & WSU       & 19.784314\\\\\n",
       "\t 1891      & WS9       & 33.710526\\\\\n",
       "\t 1886      & WS8       & 29.918919\\\\\n",
       "\t 1887      & WS8       & 54.571429\\\\\n",
       "\t 1888      & WS8       & 47.269231\\\\\n",
       "\t 1889      & WS8       & 40.206897\\\\\n",
       "\t 1884      & WS7       & 22.880000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1875      & WS6       & 13.368421\\\\\n",
       "\t 1873      & WS5       & 23.400000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1872      & WS4       &  7.071429\\\\\n",
       "\t 1871      & WS3       & 19.333333\\\\\n",
       "\t 1872      & WS3       &  6.307692\\\\\n",
       "\t 1961      & WS2       & 47.809524\\\\\n",
       "\t 1962      & WS2       & 59.444444\\\\\n",
       "\t 1963      & WS2       & 48.697674\\\\\n",
       "\t 1964      & WS2       & 58.108108\\\\\n",
       "\t 1965      & WS2       & 56.525000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1966      & WS2       & 51.119048\\\\\n",
       "\t 1967      & WS2       & 60.555556\\\\\n",
       "\t 1968      & WS2       & 55.000000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1969      & WS2       & 61.972222\\\\\n",
       "\t 1970      & WS2       & 55.825000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1971      & WS2       & 55.179487\\\\\n",
       "\t 1901      & WS1       & 67.736842\\\\\n",
       "\t 1902      & WS1       & 63.950000\\\\\n",
       "\t 1903      & WS1       & 59.590909\\\\\n",
       "\t 1904      & WS1       & 54.185185\\\\\n",
       "\t 1905      & WS1       & 54.851852\\\\\n",
       "\t 1906      & WS1       & 52.571429\\\\\n",
       "\t 1907      & WS1       & 43.833333\\\\\n",
       "\t ... & ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t 2017     & ATL      & 48.42857\\\\\n",
       "\t 1998     & ARI      & 47.34783\\\\\n",
       "\t 1999     & ARI      & 50.51163\\\\\n",
       "\t 2000     & ARI      & 52.97619\\\\\n",
       "\t 2001     & ARI      & 50.44681\\\\\n",
       "\t 2002     & ARI      & 55.52381\\\\\n",
       "\t 2003     & ARI      & 53.95349\\\\\n",
       "\t 2004     & ARI      & 44.13462\\\\\n",
       "\t 2005     & ARI      & 55.11628\\\\\n",
       "\t 2006     & ARI      & 50.71111\\\\\n",
       "\t 2007     & ARI      & 49.04255\\\\\n",
       "\t 2008     & ARI      & 55.60976\\\\\n",
       "\t 2009     & ARI      & 51.13333\\\\\n",
       "\t 2010     & ARI      & 47.31250\\\\\n",
       "\t 2011     & ARI      & 43.70588\\\\\n",
       "\t 2012     & ARI      & 45.16327\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013     & ARI      & 53.38636\\\\\n",
       "\t 2014     & ARI      & 43.73077\\\\\n",
       "\t 2015     & ARI      & 47.86000\\\\\n",
       "\t 2016     & ARI      & 47.98000\\\\\n",
       "\t 2017     & ARI      & 52.44444\\\\\n",
       "\t 1997     & ANA      & 51.65116\\\\\n",
       "\t 1998     & ANA      & 51.26667\\\\\n",
       "\t 1999     & ANA      & 49.51111\\\\\n",
       "\t 2000     & ANA      & 50.48889\\\\\n",
       "\t 2001     & ANA      & 58.36842\\\\\n",
       "\t 2002     & ANA      & 57.67500\\\\\n",
       "\t 2003     & ANA      & 53.16279\\\\\n",
       "\t 2004     & ANA      & 58.34211\\\\\n",
       "\t 1884     & ALT      & 12.55556\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| yearID | teamID | mean_games |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1884      | WSU       | 19.784314 |\n",
       "| 1891      | WS9       | 33.710526 |\n",
       "| 1886      | WS8       | 29.918919 |\n",
       "| 1887      | WS8       | 54.571429 |\n",
       "| 1888      | WS8       | 47.269231 |\n",
       "| 1889      | WS8       | 40.206897 |\n",
       "| 1884      | WS7       | 22.880000 |\n",
       "| 1875      | WS6       | 13.368421 |\n",
       "| 1873      | WS5       | 23.400000 |\n",
       "| 1872      | WS4       |  7.071429 |\n",
       "| 1871      | WS3       | 19.333333 |\n",
       "| 1872      | WS3       |  6.307692 |\n",
       "| 1961      | WS2       | 47.809524 |\n",
       "| 1962      | WS2       | 59.444444 |\n",
       "| 1963      | WS2       | 48.697674 |\n",
       "| 1964      | WS2       | 58.108108 |\n",
       "| 1965      | WS2       | 56.525000 |\n",
       "| 1966      | WS2       | 51.119048 |\n",
       "| 1967      | WS2       | 60.555556 |\n",
       "| 1968      | WS2       | 55.000000 |\n",
       "| 1969      | WS2       | 61.972222 |\n",
       "| 1970      | WS2       | 55.825000 |\n",
       "| 1971      | WS2       | 55.179487 |\n",
       "| 1901      | WS1       | 67.736842 |\n",
       "| 1902      | WS1       | 63.950000 |\n",
       "| 1903      | WS1       | 59.590909 |\n",
       "| 1904      | WS1       | 54.185185 |\n",
       "| 1905      | WS1       | 54.851852 |\n",
       "| 1906      | WS1       | 52.571429 |\n",
       "| 1907      | WS1       | 43.833333 |\n",
       "| ... | ... | ... |\n",
       "| 2017     | ATL      | 48.42857 |\n",
       "| 1998     | ARI      | 47.34783 |\n",
       "| 1999     | ARI      | 50.51163 |\n",
       "| 2000     | ARI      | 52.97619 |\n",
       "| 2001     | ARI      | 50.44681 |\n",
       "| 2002     | ARI      | 55.52381 |\n",
       "| 2003     | ARI      | 53.95349 |\n",
       "| 2004     | ARI      | 44.13462 |\n",
       "| 2005     | ARI      | 55.11628 |\n",
       "| 2006     | ARI      | 50.71111 |\n",
       "| 2007     | ARI      | 49.04255 |\n",
       "| 2008     | ARI      | 55.60976 |\n",
       "| 2009     | ARI      | 51.13333 |\n",
       "| 2010     | ARI      | 47.31250 |\n",
       "| 2011     | ARI      | 43.70588 |\n",
       "| 2012     | ARI      | 45.16327 |\n",
       "| 2013     | ARI      | 53.38636 |\n",
       "| 2014     | ARI      | 43.73077 |\n",
       "| 2015     | ARI      | 47.86000 |\n",
       "| 2016     | ARI      | 47.98000 |\n",
       "| 2017     | ARI      | 52.44444 |\n",
       "| 1997     | ANA      | 51.65116 |\n",
       "| 1998     | ANA      | 51.26667 |\n",
       "| 1999     | ANA      | 49.51111 |\n",
       "| 2000     | ANA      | 50.48889 |\n",
       "| 2001     | ANA      | 58.36842 |\n",
       "| 2002     | ANA      | 57.67500 |\n",
       "| 2003     | ANA      | 53.16279 |\n",
       "| 2004     | ANA      | 58.34211 |\n",
       "| 1884     | ALT      | 12.55556 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     yearID teamID mean_games\n",
       "1    1884   WSU    19.784314 \n",
       "2    1891   WS9    33.710526 \n",
       "3    1886   WS8    29.918919 \n",
       "4    1887   WS8    54.571429 \n",
       "5    1888   WS8    47.269231 \n",
       "6    1889   WS8    40.206897 \n",
       "7    1884   WS7    22.880000 \n",
       "8    1875   WS6    13.368421 \n",
       "9    1873   WS5    23.400000 \n",
       "10   1872   WS4     7.071429 \n",
       "11   1871   WS3    19.333333 \n",
       "12   1872   WS3     6.307692 \n",
       "13   1961   WS2    47.809524 \n",
       "14   1962   WS2    59.444444 \n",
       "15   1963   WS2    48.697674 \n",
       "16   1964   WS2    58.108108 \n",
       "17   1965   WS2    56.525000 \n",
       "18   1966   WS2    51.119048 \n",
       "19   1967   WS2    60.555556 \n",
       "20   1968   WS2    55.000000 \n",
       "21   1969   WS2    61.972222 \n",
       "22   1970   WS2    55.825000 \n",
       "23   1971   WS2    55.179487 \n",
       "24   1901   WS1    67.736842 \n",
       "25   1902   WS1    63.950000 \n",
       "26   1903   WS1    59.590909 \n",
       "27   1904   WS1    54.185185 \n",
       "28   1905   WS1    54.851852 \n",
       "29   1906   WS1    52.571429 \n",
       "30   1907   WS1    43.833333 \n",
       "...  ...    ...    ...       \n",
       "2836 2017   ATL    48.42857  \n",
       "2837 1998   ARI    47.34783  \n",
       "2838 1999   ARI    50.51163  \n",
       "2839 2000   ARI    52.97619  \n",
       "2840 2001   ARI    50.44681  \n",
       "2841 2002   ARI    55.52381  \n",
       "2842 2003   ARI    53.95349  \n",
       "2843 2004   ARI    44.13462  \n",
       "2844 2005   ARI    55.11628  \n",
       "2845 2006   ARI    50.71111  \n",
       "2846 2007   ARI    49.04255  \n",
       "2847 2008   ARI    55.60976  \n",
       "2848 2009   ARI    51.13333  \n",
       "2849 2010   ARI    47.31250  \n",
       "2850 2011   ARI    43.70588  \n",
       "2851 2012   ARI    45.16327  \n",
       "2852 2013   ARI    53.38636  \n",
       "2853 2014   ARI    43.73077  \n",
       "2854 2015   ARI    47.86000  \n",
       "2855 2016   ARI    47.98000  \n",
       "2856 2017   ARI    52.44444  \n",
       "2857 1997   ANA    51.65116  \n",
       "2858 1998   ANA    51.26667  \n",
       "2859 1999   ANA    49.51111  \n",
       "2860 2000   ANA    50.48889  \n",
       "2861 2001   ANA    58.36842  \n",
       "2862 2002   ANA    57.67500  \n",
       "2863 2003   ANA    53.16279  \n",
       "2864 2004   ANA    58.34211  \n",
       "2865 1884   ALT    12.55556  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Multiple groups\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "group_by(yearID, teamID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(mean_games = mean(G)) %>%\n",
    "arrange(desc(teamID, yearID))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>yearID</th><th scope=col>mean_game_year</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2001    </td><td>51.16580</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2002    </td><td>51.81577</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2003    </td><td>50.87899</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2004    </td><td>51.17533</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2005    </td><td>51.45489</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2006    </td><td>50.35004</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2007    </td><td>50.64477</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2008    </td><td>50.22744</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2009    </td><td>49.73919</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2010    </td><td>50.82670</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2011    </td><td>49.48092</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2012    </td><td>49.37429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013    </td><td>49.16111</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2014    </td><td>48.47666</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2015    </td><td>47.46568</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2016    </td><td>47.50573</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2017    </td><td>47.35007</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " yearID & mean\\_game\\_year\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2001     & 51.16580\\\\\n",
       "\t 2002     & 51.81577\\\\\n",
       "\t 2003     & 50.87899\\\\\n",
       "\t 2004     & 51.17533\\\\\n",
       "\t 2005     & 51.45489\\\\\n",
       "\t 2006     & 50.35004\\\\\n",
       "\t 2007     & 50.64477\\\\\n",
       "\t 2008     & 50.22744\\\\\n",
       "\t 2009     & 49.73919\\\\\n",
       "\t 2010     & 50.82670\\\\\n",
       "\t 2011     & 49.48092\\\\\n",
       "\t 2012     & 49.37429\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013     & 49.16111\\\\\n",
       "\t 2014     & 48.47666\\\\\n",
       "\t 2015     & 47.46568\\\\\n",
       "\t 2016     & 47.50573\\\\\n",
       "\t 2017     & 47.35007\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| yearID | mean_game_year |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 2001     | 51.16580 |\n",
       "| 2002     | 51.81577 |\n",
       "| 2003     | 50.87899 |\n",
       "| 2004     | 51.17533 |\n",
       "| 2005     | 51.45489 |\n",
       "| 2006     | 50.35004 |\n",
       "| 2007     | 50.64477 |\n",
       "| 2008     | 50.22744 |\n",
       "| 2009     | 49.73919 |\n",
       "| 2010     | 50.82670 |\n",
       "| 2011     | 49.48092 |\n",
       "| 2012     | 49.37429 |\n",
       "| 2013     | 49.16111 |\n",
       "| 2014     | 48.47666 |\n",
       "| 2015     | 47.46568 |\n",
       "| 2016     | 47.50573 |\n",
       "| 2017     | 47.35007 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   yearID mean_game_year\n",
       "1  2001   51.16580      \n",
       "2  2002   51.81577      \n",
       "3  2003   50.87899      \n",
       "4  2004   51.17533      \n",
       "5  2005   51.45489      \n",
       "6  2006   50.35004      \n",
       "7  2007   50.64477      \n",
       "8  2008   50.22744      \n",
       "9  2009   49.73919      \n",
       "10 2010   50.82670      \n",
       "11 2011   49.48092      \n",
       "12 2012   49.37429      \n",
       "13 2013   49.16111      \n",
       "14 2014   48.47666      \n",
       "15 2015   47.46568      \n",
       "16 2016   47.50573      \n",
       "17 2017   47.35007      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Filter\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "filter(yearID > 2000) %>%\n",
    "group_by(yearID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(mean_game_year = mean(G))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>total_average_homerun</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>0.01295658</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|l}\n",
       " total\\_average\\_homerun\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 0.01295658\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| total_average_homerun |\n",
       "|---|\n",
       "| 0.01295658 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  total_average_homerun\n",
       "1 0.01295658           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Ungroup the data\n",
    "data %>%\n",
    "filter(HR < seq(10:20)) %>%\n",
    "group_by(playerID) %>%\n",
    "summarise(average_HR_game = sum(HR) / sum(G))%>%\n",
    "ungroup() %>%\n",
    "summarise(total_average_homerun = mean(average_HR_game))"
   ]
  }
 ],
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   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
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